amd64/Dockerfile: Timezone and locale fixes

Grab lines from my gentoo-utc [1] and gentoo-en-us [2] Dockerfiles
that seem appropriate here.

I'm not sold on the ONBUILD approach, because it seems like it would
be better to build these steps in additional layers (as I do [3]) and
push the resulting images (as I don't).  Then everybody using the
image doesn't have to re-install the Portage tree or rebuild their
locales locally (unless they want to).  I'm not sure how caching works
with ONBUILD either, hopefully they only have to run the ONBUILD
commands once for each local image they base on this one?

[1]: https://github.com/wking/dockerfile/blob/d187ff88a909275afdaefdbabae7dc5a8a3e6165/gentoo-en-us/Dockerfile.template#L28
[2]: https://github.com/wking/dockerfile/blob/d187ff88a909275afdaefdbabae7dc5a8a3e6165/gentoo-utc/Dockerfile.template#L29
[3]: https://github.com/wking/dockerfile/blob/d187ff88a909275afdaefdbabae7dc5a8a3e6165/build.sh#L229
+1 for spamming the build output - I love it when Dockerfiles don't make changes for simple cosmetics because the build output doesn't actually hurt anything (but, for full disclosure, I include `--verbose` in my `EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS`, so I'm already kind of twisted I suppose)