perf($compile): only iterate over elements with link functions

Closes #8741
docs(guide/directive) example79 ptor missing attr

Closes #8257
docs(guide/directive): update since 'EA' is now the default restrict value

11f5aeeee952a395edaf54e3277674f211a82fc7 changed the compiler to use 'EA' as a 'restrict'
value if not specified in the directive object, and the directive guide needed some slight
changes to address this.

Closes #8769
docs(dateFilter): add example of string literals in format string

Also changes the wording to include the word "escaped" and "escape", which may help users find the
information they're looking for via searching. (ﾉ◕ヮ◕)ﾉ*:･ﾟ✧

Closes #8770
refactor($injector): remove unused strictDi argument from createInternalInjector

createInternalInjector does not specify the formal parameter `strictDi`, and instead uses the binding
from the parent function's formal parameters, making this parameter unnecessary.

Closes #8771
docs(form): add dollar sign back to setSubmitted()

Dollar sign was missing for setSubmitted() due to fc732564640231fb59dcd7e432093c3336083653, just
adding it back in ヽ(^。^)ノ

Closes #8772
chore(ngAnimate): fix if statement whitespacing
feat($animate): coalesce concurrent class-based animations within a digest loop

All class-based animation methods (addClass, removeClass and setClass) on $animate
are now processed after the next digest occurs. This fix prevents any sequencing
errors from occuring from excessive calls to $animate.addClass, $animate.remoteClass
or $animate.setClass.

BREAKING CHANGE

$animate.addClass, $animate.removeClass and $animate.setClass will no longer start the animation
right after being called in the directive code. The animation will only commence once a digest
has passed. This means that all animation-related testing code requires an extra digest to kick
off the animation.

```js
//before this fix
$animate.addClass(element, 'super');
expect(element).toHaveClass('super');

//now
$animate.addClass(element, 'super');
$rootScope.$digest();
expect(element).toHaveClass('super');
```

$animate will also tally the amount of times classes are added and removed and only animate
the left over classes once the digest kicks in. This means that for any directive code that
adds and removes the same CSS class on the same element then this may result in no animation
being triggered at all.

```js
$animate.addClass(element, 'klass');
$animate.removeClass(element, 'klass');

$rootScope.$digest();

//nothing happens...
```
feat($animate): use promises instead of callbacks for animations

The $animate service (both the service inside of ng and ngAnimate) now
makes use of promises instead of callback functions.

BREAKING CHANGE

Both the API for the cancallation method and the done callback for
$animate animations is different. Instead of using a callback function
for each of the $animate animation methods, a promise is used instead.

```js
//before
$animate.enter(element, container, null, callbackFn);

//after
$animate.enter(element, container).then(callbackFn);
```

The animation can now be cancelled via `$animate.cancel(promise)`.

```js
//before
var cancelFn = $animate.enter(element, container);
cancelFn(); //cancels the animation

//after
var promise = $animate.enter(element, container);
$animate.cancel(promise); //cancels the animation
```
fix($animate): use $timeout to handle the delay within staggering animations

When transition-delay and animation-delay were used to drive the staggering
animation the result was unpredictable at times due to the browser not being
able to register the generated delay styles in time. This caused a hard to
track down bug that didn't have a solid solution when styles were being used.

This fix ensures that stagger delays are handled by the $timeout service.

Closes #7228
Closes #7547
Closes #8297
Closes #8547

BREAKING CHANGE

If any stagger code consisted of having BOTH transition staggers and delay staggers
together then that will not work the same way. Angular will now instead choose
the highest stagger delay value and set the timeout to wait for that before
applying the active CSS class.
feat(minErr): allow specifying ErrorConstructor in minErr constructor

In some cases, the type of Error thrown by minErr is meaningful, such as in $q where a TypeError
is sometimes required. This fix allows providing an error constructor as the second argument to
minErr, which will be used to construct the error that gets returned by the factory function.
chore($q): convert thrown Error to $minErr when calling $q constructor without resolver
chore($q): replace plain TypeError with minErr+TypeError in cyclical resolve check
docs($q): correct @ngdoc annotations for methods of $q

Closes #8782
Closes #8784
chore(tests): use jquery again in e2e tests

jQuery was not included in e2e tests, but we did not notice it
as Angular fell back to jqlite…
feat(filter): allow to define the timezone for formatting dates

Angular used to always use the browser timezone for
`dateFilter`. An additional parameter was added to allow to use
`UTC` timezone instead.

Related to #8447.
fix(input): use year 1970 instead of 1900 for `input[time]`

BREAKING CHANGE:

According to the HTML5 spec `input[time]` should create dates
based on the year 1970 (used to be based on the year 1900).

Related to #8447.
feat(input): allow to define the timezone for parsing dates

Angular used to always use the browser timezone when parsing
`input[date]`, `input[time]`, … The timezone can now be changed
to `UTC` via `ngModelOptions`.

Closes #8447.
fix(input): allow to use seconds in `input[time]` and `input[datetime-local]`

The HTML5 spec allows to use seconds for `input[time]` and `input[datetime-local]`,
even though they are not displayed by all browsers.

Related to #8447.
refactor(nodeName_): remove IE8 specific branch