DebugInfo: Ensure that all debug location scope chains from instructions within a function, lead to the function itself.

Let me tell you a tale...

Originally committed in r211723 after discovering a nasty case of weird
scoping due to inlining, this was reverted in r211724 after it fired in
ASan/compiler-rt.

(minor diversion where I accidentally committed/reverted again in
r211871/r211873)

After further testing and fixing bugs in ArgumentPromotion (r211872) and
Inlining (r212065) it was recommitted in r212085. Reverted in r212089
after the sanitizer buildbots still showed problems.

Fixed another bug in ArgumentPromotion (r212128) found by this
assertion.

Recommitted in r212205, reverted in r212226 after it crashed some more
on sanitizer buildbots.

Fix clang some more in r212761.

Recommitted in r212776, reverted in r212793. ASan failures.
Recommitted in r213391, reverted in r213432, trying to reproduce flakey
ASan build failure.

Fixed bugs in r213805 (ArgPromo + DebugInfo), r213952
(LiveDebugVariables strips dbg_value intrinsics in functions not
described by debug info).

Recommitted in r214761, reverted in r214999, flakey failure on Windows
buildbot.

Fixed DeadArgElimination + DebugInfo bug in r219210.

Recommitting and hoping that's the last of it.

[That one burned down, fell over, then sank into the swamp.]