RFC: io and os reform

This RFC proposes a significant redesign of the `std::io` and `std::os` modules
in preparation for API stabilization. The specific problems addressed by the
redesign are given in the Problems section below, and the key ideas of the
design are given in Vision for IO.

[Rendered](https://github.com/aturon/rfcs/blob/io-os-reform/text/0000-io-os-reform.md)
`OtherIoError` -> `io::ErrorKind::Other` seems like a regression in ergonomics. This is true of basically all the `ErrorKind` variants, since `ErrorKind` is pretty long. Could we have a shorter name?