Fix gcc-4.9.0 miscompilation of load_balance() in scheduler

commit 2062afb4f804afef61cbe62a30cac9a46e58e067 upstream.

Michel Dänzer and a couple of other people reported inexplicable random
oopses in the scheduler, and the cause turns out to be gcc mis-compiling
the load_balance() function when debugging is enabled.  The gcc bug
apparently goes back to gcc-4.5, but slight optimization changes means
that it now showed up as a problem in 4.9.0 and 4.9.1.

The instruction scheduling problem causes gcc to schedule a spill
operation to before the stack frame has been created, which in turn can
corrupt the spilled value if an interrupt comes in.  There may be other
effects of this bug too, but that's the code generation problem seen in
Michel's case.

This is fixed in current gcc HEAD, but the workaround as suggested by
Markus Trippelsdorf is pretty simple: use -fno-var-tracking-assignments
when compiling the kernel, which disables the gcc code that causes the
problem.  This can result in slightly worse debug information for
variable accesses, but that is infinitely preferable to actual code
generation problems.

Doing this unconditionally (not just for CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO) also allows
non-debug builds to verify that the debug build would be identical: we
can do

    export GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG=1

to make gcc internally verify that the result of the build is
independent of the "-g" flag (it will make the compiler build everything
twice, toggling the debug flag, and compare the results).

Without the "-fno-var-tracking-assignments" option, the build would fail
(even with 4.8.3 that didn't show the actual stack frame bug) with a gcc
compare failure.

See also gcc bugzilla:

  https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61801

Reported-by: Michel Dänzer <michel@daenzer.net>
Suggested-by: Markus Trippelsdorf <markus@trippelsdorf.de>
Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

Conflicts:
	Makefile
Makefile: tell gcc optimizer to never introduce new data races

We have been chasing a memory corruption bug, which turned out to be
caused by very old gcc (4.3.4), which happily turned conditional load
into a non-conditional one, and that broke correctness (the condition
was met only if lock was held) and corrupted memory.

This particular problem with that particular code did not happen when
never gccs were used.  I've brought this up with our gcc folks, as I
wanted to make sure that this can't really happen again, and it turns
out it actually can.

Quoting Martin Jambor <mjambor@suse.cz>:
 "More current GCCs are more careful when it comes to replacing a
  conditional load with a non-conditional one, most notably they check
  that a store happens in each iteration of _a_ loop but they assume
  loops are executed.  They also perform a simple check whether the
  store cannot trap which currently passes only for non-const
  variables.  A simple testcase demonstrating it on an x86_64 is for
  example the following:

  $ cat cond_store.c

  int g_1 = 1;

  int g_2[1024] __attribute__((section ("safe_section"), aligned (4096)));

  int c = 4;

  int __attribute__ ((noinline))
  foo (void)
  {
    int l;
    for (l = 0; (l != 4); l++) {
      if (g_1)
        return l;
      for (g_2[0] = 0; (g_2[0] >= 26); ++g_2[0])
        ;
    }
    return 2;
  }

  int main (int argc, char* argv[])
  {
    if (mprotect (g_2, sizeof(g_2), PROT_READ) == -1)
      {
        int e = errno;
        error (e, e, "mprotect error %i", e);
      }
    foo ();
    __builtin_printf("OK\n");
    return 0;
  }
  /* EOF */
  $ ~/gcc/trunk/inst/bin/gcc cond_store.c -O2 --param allow-store-data-races=0
  $ ./a.out
  OK
  $ ~/gcc/trunk/inst/bin/gcc cond_store.c -O2 --param allow-store-data-races=1
  $ ./a.out
  Segmentation fault

  The testcase fails the same at least with 4.9, 4.8 and 4.7.  Therefore
  I would suggest building kernels with this parameter set to zero. I
  also agree with Jikos that the default should be changed for -O2.  I
  have run most of the SPEC 2k6 CPU benchmarks (gamess and dealII
  failed, at -O2, not sure why) compiled with and without this option
  and did not see any real difference between respective run-times"

Hopefully the default will be changed in newer gccs, but let's force it
for kernel builds so that we are on a safe side even when older gcc are
used.

The code in question was out-of-tree printk-in-NMI (yeah, surprise
suprise, once again) patch written by Petr Mladek, let me quote his
comment from our internal bugzilla:

 "I have spent few days investigating inconsistent state of kernel ring buffer.
  It went out that it was caused by speculative store generated by
  gcc-4.3.4.

  The problem is in assembly generated for make_free_space(). The functions is
  called the following way:

  + vprintk_emit();
      + log = MAIN_LOG; // with logbuf_lock
         or
         log = NMI_LOG; // with nmi_logbuf_lock
         cont_add(log, ...);
          + cont_flush(log, ...);
              + log_store(log, ...);
                    + log_make_free_space(log, ...);

  If called with log = NMI_LOG then only nmi_log_* global variables are safe to
  modify but the generated code does store also into (main_)log_* global
  variables:

  <log_make_free_space>:
         55                      push   %rbp
         89 f6                   mov    %esi,%esi

         48 8b 05 03 99 51 01    mov    0x1519903(%rip),%rax       # ffffffff82620868 <nmi_log_next_id>
         44 8b 1d ec 98 51 01    mov    0x15198ec(%rip),%r11d      # ffffffff82620858 <log_next_idx>
         8b 35 36 60 14 01       mov    0x1146036(%rip),%esi       # ffffffff8224cfa8 <log_buf_len>
         44 8b 35 33 60 14 01    mov    0x1146033(%rip),%r14d      # ffffffff8224cfac <nmi_log_buf_len>
         4c 8b 2d d0 98 51 01    mov    0x15198d0(%rip),%r13       # ffffffff82620850 <log_next_seq>
         4c 8b 25 11 61 14 01    mov    0x1146111(%rip),%r12       # ffffffff8224d098 <log_buf>
         49 89 c2                mov    %rax,%r10
         48 21 c2                and    %rax,%rdx
         48 8b 1d 0c 99 55 01    mov    0x155990c(%rip),%rbx       # ffffffff826608a0 <nmi_log_buf>
         49 c1 ea 20             shr    $0x20,%r10
         48 89 55 d0             mov    %rdx,-0x30(%rbp)
         44 29 de                sub    %r11d,%esi
         45 29 d6                sub    %r10d,%r14d
         4c 8b 0d 97 98 51 01    mov    0x1519897(%rip),%r9	# ffffffff82620840 <log_first_seq>
         eb 7e                   jmp    ffffffff81107029	<log_make_free_space+0xe9>
  [...]
         85 ff                   test   %edi,%edi                  # edi = 1 for NMI_LOG
         4c 89 e8                mov    %r13,%rax
         4c 89 ca                mov    %r9,%rdx
         74 0a                   je     ffffffff8110703d	<log_make_free_space+0xfd>
         8b 15 27 98 51 01       mov    0x1519827(%rip),%edx       # ffffffff82620860 <nmi_log_first_id>
         48 8b 45 d0             mov    -0x30(%rbp),%rax
         48 39 c2                cmp    %rax,%rdx                  # end of loop
         0f 84 da 00 00 00       je     ffffffff81107120 <log_make_free_space+0x1e0>
  [...]
         85 ff                   test   %edi,%edi                  # edi = 1 for NMI_LOG
         4c 89 0d 17 97 51 01    mov    %r9,0x1519717(%rip)        # ffffffff82620840 <log_first_seq>
                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                                 KABOOOM
         74 35                   je     ffffffff81107160		 <log_make_free_space+0x220>

  It stores log_first_seq when edi == NMI_LOG. This instructions are used also
  when edi == MAIN_LOG but the store is done speculatively before the condition
  is decided.  It is unsafe because we do not have "logbuf_lock" in NMI context
  and some other process migh modify "log_first_seq" in parallel"

I believe that the best course of action is both

 - building kernel (and anything multi-threaded, I guess) with that
   optimization turned off
 - persuade gcc folks to change the default for future releases

Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Martin Jambor <mjambor@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Marek Polacek <polacek@redhat.com>
Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
Cc: Steven Noonan <steven@uplinklabs.net>
Cc: Richard Biener <richard.guenther@gmail.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>

Conflicts:
	Makefile
build: Optimize
Makefile: Use -mcpu=cortex-a7 instead of -march=armv7-a

Conflicts:
	Makefile
	arch/arm/Makefile
Fix compilation error under GCC 4.9