config.mk: Added variants of `valopt`/`opt` that do not automatically `putvar`.

Used aforementioned variants to extract options that have explicit
`putvar` calls associated with them in the subsequent code.  When the
explicit `putvar` call was conditional on some potentially complex
condition, moved the `putvar` call out to the main control flow of the
script so that it always runs if necessary.

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As a driveby fix, captured the error exit when doing the test run of
`rustc --version` from `CFG_LOCAL_RUST_ROOT`, and signal explicit
configure failure when it did not run successfully.  (If we cannot run
`rustc`, we really shouldn't try to keep going.)

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Fix #17887.