refactor(): use strict, consolidate material.core, interimElement chaining

Closes #643. Closes #650. Closes #597. Closes #596. Closes #525.
refactor(): switch to md-prefixed attributes for non-html5 attrs

Closes #657.

BREAKING CHANGE: All non-html5-standard component attributes are now prefixed
with `md-`. Migration instructions:

* **button**:
  - `<md-button noink>` to `<md-button md-no-ink>`
* **divider**:
  - `<md-divider inset>` to `<md-divider md-inset>`
* **linearProgress*:
  - `<md-linear-progress secondary-value="someValue">` to
    `<md-linear-progress md-buffer-value="someValue">`
  - `<md-linear-progress mode="query">` to
    `<md-linear-progress md-mode="query">`.
* **circularProgress**:
  - `<md-circular-progress mode="query">` to
    `<md-circular-progress md-mode="query">`.
  - `<md-circular-progress diameter="60">` to
    `<md-circular-progress md-diameter="60">`.
* **sidenav**:
  - `<md-sidenav is-open="isOpen">` to
    `<md-sidenav md-is-open="isOpen">`
  - `<md-sidenav is-locked-open="isLockedOpen">` to
    `<md-sidenav md-is-locked-open="isLockedOpen>`
  - `<md-sidenav component-id="my-sidenav">` to
    `<md-sidenav md-component-id="my-sidenav>`
* **tabs**:
  - `<md-tabs md-selected="selectedIndex">` to
    `<md-tabs md-md-selected="selectedIndex">`
  - `<md-tabs on-select="doSomething()">` to
    `<md-tabs md-on-select="doSomething()">`
  - `<md-tabs on-deselect="doSomething()">` to
    `<md-tabs md-on-deselect="doSomething()">`
  - `<md-tabs><md-tab active="tabIsActive"></md-tab></md-tabs>` to
    `<md-tabs><md-tab md-active="tabIsActive"></md-tab></md-tabs>`
* **textFloat**:
  - `<md-text-float fid="someId">` to
    `<md-text-float md-fid="someId">`
enhance(ripple): rewrites ripple effect to match the spec

This replaces the old ripple animations with CSS transitions and a series of classes that describe the element's current state.
refactor(styles): renamed ripple state classes to prevent potential name collisions
style(ripple): renamed variable to accurately represent its contents