Better INSTALL.md and Makefile rules

Summary: We have a lot of problems with gflags. However, when compiling rocksdb static library, we don't need gflags dependency. Reorganize INSTALL.md such that first-time customers don't need any dependency installed to actually build rocksdb static library.

Test Plan: none

Reviewers: dhruba, haobo

Reviewed By: dhruba

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18501
[fix] SIGSEGV when VersionEdit in MANIFEST is corrupted

Summary:
This was reported by our customers in task #4295529.

Cause:
* MANIFEST file contains a VersionEdit, which contains file entries whose 'smallest' and 'largest' internal keys are empty. String with zero characters. Root cause of corruption was not investigated. We should report corruption when this happens. However, we currently SIGSEGV.

Here's what happens:
* VersionEdit encodes zero-strings happily and stores them in smallest and largest InternalKeys. InternalKey::Encode() does assert when `rep_.empty()`, but we don't assert in production environemnts. Also, we should never assert as a result of DB corruption.
* As part of our ConsistencyCheck, we call GetLiveFilesMetaData()
* GetLiveFilesMetadata() calls `file->largest.user_key().ToString()`
* user_key() function does: 1. assert(size > 8) (ooops, no assert), 2. returns `Slice(internal_key.data(), internal_key.size() - 8)`
* since `internal_key.size()` is unsigned int, this call translates to `Slice(whatever, 1298471928561892576182756)`. Bazinga.

Fix:
* VersionEdit checks if InternalKey is valid in `VersionEdit::GetInternalKey()`. If it's invalid, returns corruption.

Lessons learned:
* Always keep in mind that even if you `assert()`, production code will continue execution even if assert fails.
* Never `assert` based on DB corruption. Assert only if the code should guarantee that assert can't fail.

Test Plan: dumped offending manifest. Before: assert. Now: corruption

Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, sdong

Reviewed By: dhruba

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18507
Fix iOS compile
remove anon mmap allocation flag `MAP_HUGETLB`
HashLinkedList::Iterator: remove an ununsed class variable

Summary: This variable is not used. Remove it.

Test Plan: build.

Reviewers: haobo, igor, yhchiang

Reviewed By: haobo

CC: dhruba, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18525
Compaction with zero outputs

Summary: We had a hypothesis in https://reviews.facebook.net/D18507 that empty-string internal keys might have been caused by compaction filter deleting all the entries. I added a unit test for that case. Unforutnately, everything works as expected.

Test Plan: this is a test

Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, sdong

Reviewed By: haobo

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18519
autovector::resize

Summary: Resize the autovector!

Test Plan: test

Reviewers: sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18543
MergingIterator uses autovector instead of vector

Summary:
Use autovector in MergingIterator so that if there are 4 or less child iterators in it, iterator wrappers are inline, which is more likely to be cache friendly.

Based on one test run with a shadow traffic of one product, it reduces CPU of MergingIterator::Seek() by half.

Test Plan: make all check

Reviewers: haobo, yhchiang, igor, dhruba

Reviewed By: igor

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18531
Make RocksDB work with newer gflags

Summary:
Newer gflags switched from `google` namespace to `gflags` namespace. See: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/139 and https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/102

Unfortunately, they don't define any macro with their namespace, so we need to actually try to compile gflags with two different namespace to figure out which one is the correct one.

Test Plan: works in fbcode environemnt. I'll also try in ubutnu with newer gflags

Reviewers: dhruba

Reviewed By: dhruba

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18537
Fix more gflag namespace issues
have proprocessor choose correct mmap args
Remove unused variable in DBIter

Summary: as title

Test Plan: Still compile

Reviewers: haobo, igor, yhchiang

Reviewed By: igor

CC: dhruba, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18603
testing
Make it easier to start using RocksDB

Summary:
This diff is addressing multiple things with a single goal -- to make RocksDB easier to use:
* Add some functions to Options that make RocksDB easier to tune.
* Add example code for both simple RocksDB and RocksDB with Column Families.
* Rewrite our README.md

Regarding Options, I took a stab at something we talked about for a long time:
* https://www.facebook.com/groups/rocksdb.dev/permalink/563169950448190/

I added functions:
* IncreaseParallelism() -- easy, increases the thread pool and max_background_compactions
* OptimizeLevelStyleCompaction(memtable_memory_budget) -- the easiest way to optimize rocksdb for less stalls with level style compaction. This is very likely not ideal configuration. Feel free to suggest improvements. I used some of Mark's suggestions from here: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/54
* OptimizeUniversalStyleCompaction(memtable_memory_budget) -- optimize for universal compaction.

Test Plan: compiled rocksdb. ran examples.

Reviewers: dhruba, MarkCallaghan, haobo, sdong, yhchiang

Reviewed By: dhruba

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18621
comment
Fix building RocksDB in paths containing spaces -- quote path names in Makefile and build_detect_platform.
Add a minimal .travis.yml for Travis CI. Some ugly hacks needed to get RocksDB building in Travis' OpenVZ Ubuntu 12.04 environment.
arena spacing
Merge pull request #141 from dallasmarlow/master

only use MAP_HUGETLB when the kernel supports it
Merge pull request #142 from mlin/build-in-paths-containing-spaces

Fix building RocksDB in paths containing spaces