Add error module with Error and FromError traits

As per [RFC 70](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/active/0070-error-chaining.md)

Closes #17747

Note that the `error` module must live in `std` in order to refer to `String`.

Note that, until multidispatch lands, the `FromError` trait cannot be
usefully implemented outside of the blanket impl given here.
Incorporate FromError into try!
Add Error impls to a few key error types
auto merge of #17753 : aturon/rust/error-interop, r=alexcrichton

This PR:

* Adds the error interoperation traits (`Error` and `FromError`) to a new module, `std::error`, as per [RFC 70](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/active/0070-error-chaining.md). Note that this module must live in `std` in order to refer to `String`.

    Note that, until multidispatch lands, the `FromError` trait cannot be
usefully implemented outside of the blanket impl given here.

* Incorporates `std::error::FromError` into the `try!` macro.

* Implements `Error` for most existing error enumerations.

Closes #17747