Add support for trailing commas in more places

This lets the parser understand trailing commas in method calls, method
definitions, enum variants, and type parameters.

Closes #14240.
Closes #15887.
core: Separate failure formatting in str methods slice, slice_to, slice_from

Use a separate inline-never function to format failure message for
str::slice() errors.

Using strcat's idea, this makes sure no formatting code from failure is
inlined when str::slice() is inlined. The number of `unreachable` being
inlined when usingi `.slice()` drops from 5 to just 1.
std: Use concat! and stringify! to simplify the most common assert! case.

With no custom message, we should just use concat! + stringify! for
`assert!(expr)`.

Inspired by issue #16625
Test case to illustate/reproduce bug.
Copy only up to `min(new_size, old_size)` when doing reallocate.

Fix #16687
Log linker stderr and stdout.
Enable the MergeFunc pass

Fixes #9536
doc: move misplaced comma

Also:

* Remove unseeming repetition.
* By now, the reader has already heard that Rust is safe by default, so
reduce the overlong sentence, making it easier to read.
auto merge of #16698 : bluss/rust/slice-bloat, r=huonw

These are somewhat stop-gap solutions to address #16625 

core: Separate failure formatting in str methods slice, slice_to, slice_from

Use a separate inline-never function to format failure message for
str::slice() errors.

Using strcat's idea, this makes sure no formatting code from failure is
inlined when str::slice() is inlined. The number of `unreachable` being
inlined when usingi `.slice()` drops from 5 to just 1.



The testcase:

```
#![crate_type = "lib"]
pub fn slice(x: &str, a: uint, b: uint) -> &str {
    x.slice(a, b)
}
```

shrinks from 16.9 kB to 3.3 kB llvm IR, and the number of `unreachable` drops from 5 to 1.
auto merge of #16703 : bluss/rust/assert-bloat, r=huonw

With no custom message, we should just use concat! + stringify! for
`assert!(expr)` to avoid the string formatting code path.

Inspired by issue #16625
Fix const evaluation of cast expression from bool
auto merge of #16706 : pnkfelix/rust/fsk-fix-nojem-realloc, r=thestinger

Copy only up to `min(new_size, old_size)` when doing reallocate.

This was a bug when running with jemalloc disabled.

Fix #16687
Adjust the error messages to match the pattern "expected foo, found bar"

Closes #8492
auto merge of #16710 : dotdash/rust/mergefunc, r=thestinger

Fixes #9536 

---

From https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/9536#issuecomment-45495670:

I've built rustc with the aforementioned fix, once with MergeFunc being run early (that's what the patch for clang that comes  with LLVM does), and once with MergeFunc being run late (using `-C passes=mergefunc`). Here are some time/code size measurements I made with them:

Build command: `rustc -O -o /dev/null --emit asm .../lib.rs`

CPU (user) times, best of three runs:

 Crate       | No MergeFunc | Early MergeFunc | Late MergeFunc
-------------|--------------|-----------------|---------------
 core        |    5.380s    |    5.476s       |    5.364s
 collections |    1.884s    |    1.856s       |    1.892s
 native      |    7.200s    |    7.356s       |    7.108s
 rustc       | 3m23.584s    | 3m28.120s       | 3m21.820s
 std         |   13.888s    |   13.976s       |   13.848s
 syntax      |   48.992s    |   47.752s       |   48.372s

Sizes:

Crate                                    | No MergeFunc |   Early MergeFunc   |    Late MergeFunc
-----------------------------------------|-------------:|--------------------:|-------------------:
lib                                      |  237037581   |  236005998 (-0.44%) |  234708744 (-0.98%)
libarena-063bff73-0.11.0-pre.so          |      60398   |      60393 (-0.01%) |      60394 (-0.01%)
libcollections-d412c0c4-0.11.0-pre.so    |     971566   |     971772 (+0.02%) |     971691 (+0.01%)
libdebug-1e940314-0.11.0-pre.so          |     181352   |     181514 (+0.09%) |     181363 (+0.01%)
libflate-92afea7e-0.11.0-pre.so          |     137837   |     137869 (+0.02%) |     137837 (+0.00%)
libfmt_macros-5125f3bd-0.11.0-pre.so     |     132733   |     134598 (+1.41%) |     132465 (-0.20%)
libgetopts-c94737d1-0.11.0-pre.so        |     158851   |     157427 (-0.90%) |     158272 (-0.36%)
libgraphviz-7b3cf89d-0.11.0-pre.so       |      53337   |      53178 (-0.30%) |      53337 (+0.00%)
liblog-cd053230-0.11.0-pre.so            |      85993   |      86017 (+0.03%) |      85780 (-0.25%)
libnative-1fb5e2c0-0.11.0-pre.so         |     635785   |     639352 (+0.56%) |     621184 (-2.30%)
libregex-77385931-0.11.0-pre.so          |     450538   |     450741 (+0.05%) |     449504 (-0.23%)
librustc-d252d482-0.11.0-pre.so          |   51583741   |   51227703 (-0.69%) |   50930784 (-1.27%)
librustdoc-6ecbf63e-0.11.0-pre.so        |    4557104   |    4501896 (-1.21%) |    4394409 (-3.57%)
libserialize-0352aab7-0.11.0-pre.so      |    1126096   |    1115503 (-0.94%) |    1101734 (-2.16%)
libstd-59beb4f7-0.11.0-pre.so            |    4499529   |    4488879 (-0.24%) |    4477710 (-0.48%)
libsync-305341d2-0.11.0-pre.so           |     306767   |     312211 (+1.77%) |     304086 (-0.87%)
libsyntax-555559ea-0.11.0-pre.so         |    6699751   |    6632291 (-1.01%) |    6596232 (-1.55%)
libterm-4e4945a5-0.11.0-pre.so           |     389390   |     392689 (+0.85%) |     385525 (-0.99%)
libtest-a79f950d-0.11.0-pre.so           |     740161   |     730673 (-1.28%) |     734534 (-0.76%)
libtime-4bb3739b-0.11.0-pre.so           |     131518   |     132830 (+1.00%) |     131514 (-0.00%)
rustlib                                  |  164131038   |  163594366 (-0.33%) |  162796293 (-0.81%)
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu                 |  164119867   |  163583195 (-0.33%) |  162785122 (-0.81%)
lib                                      |  164115771   |  163579099 (-0.33%) |  162781026 (-0.81%)
liballoc-1085c790-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |    1094410   |    1094444 (+0.00%) |    1094438 (+0.00%)
libarena-063bff73-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |     312324   |     312152 (-0.06%) |     312210 (-0.04%)
libarena-063bff73-0.11.0-pre.so          |      60394   |      60394 (+0.00%) |      60394 (+0.00%)
libcollections-d412c0c4-0.11.0-pre.rlib  |    7048646   |    7049094 (+0.01%) |    7048856 (+0.00%)
libcollections-d412c0c4-0.11.0-pre.so    |     971575   |     971771 (+0.02%) |     971681 (+0.01%)
libcompiler-rt.a                         |     573802   |     573802 (+0.00%) |     573802 (+0.00%)
libcore-c5ed6fb4-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |   24204746   |   24209820 (+0.02%) |   24187602 (-0.07%)
libdebug-1e940314-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |     876616   |     878488 (+0.21%) |     876746 (+0.01%)
libdebug-1e940314-0.11.0-pre.so          |     181352   |     181509 (+0.09%) |     181353 (+0.00%)
libflate-92afea7e-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |     175062   |     175074 (+0.01%) |     175082 (+0.01%)
libflate-92afea7e-0.11.0-pre.so          |     137837   |     137869 (+0.02%) |     137837 (+0.00%)
libfmt_macros-5125f3bd-0.11.0-pre.so     |     132724   |     134599 (+1.41%) |     132469 (-0.19%)
libfourcc-cc0e8bf1-0.11.0-pre.so         |     125828   |     126084 (+0.20%) |     125827 (-0.00%)
libgetopts-c94737d1-0.11.0-pre.rlib      |     864664   |     853040 (-1.34%) |     862548 (-0.24%)
libgetopts-c94737d1-0.11.0-pre.so        |     158855   |     157425 (-0.90%) |     158275 (-0.37%)
libglob-eafe1d22-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |     951370   |     944674 (-0.70%) |     946734 (-0.49%)
libglob-eafe1d22-0.11.0-pre.so           |     159130   |     157385 (-1.10%) |     156791 (-1.47%)
libgraphviz-7b3cf89d-0.11.0-pre.rlib     |     269600   |     269062 (-0.20%) |     269560 (-0.01%)
libgraphviz-7b3cf89d-0.11.0-pre.so       |      53334   |      53176 (-0.30%) |      53337 (+0.01%)
libgreen-ca0d0b80-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |    1374120   |    1389510 (+1.12%) |    1361696 (-0.90%)
libgreen-ca0d0b80-0.11.0-pre.so          |     372435   |     377929 (+1.48%) |     370991 (-0.39%)
libhexfloat-3b978f48-0.11.0-pre.so       |     131926   |     132166 (+0.18%) |     131935 (+0.01%)
liblibc-4f9a876d-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |     617472   |     617472 (+0.00%) |     617472 (+0.00%)
liblog-cd053230-0.11.0-pre.rlib          |     371190   |     371048 (-0.04%) |     370836 (-0.10%)
liblog-cd053230-0.11.0-pre.so            |      85996   |      86020 (+0.03%) |      85781 (-0.25%)
libmorestack.a                           |       1388   |       1388 (+0.00%) |       1388 (+0.00%)
libnative-1fb5e2c0-0.11.0-pre.rlib       |    2233070   |    2264296 (+1.40%) |    2194920 (-1.71%)
libnative-1fb5e2c0-0.11.0-pre.so         |     635787   |     639341 (+0.56%) |     621184 (-2.30%)
libnum-ebe12db7-0.11.0-pre.rlib          |    2672318   |    2675292 (+0.11%) |    2669370 (-0.11%)
libnum-ebe12db7-0.11.0-pre.so            |     398924   |     399357 (+0.11%) |     395821 (-0.78%)
librand-2ea8f361-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |    1691108   |    1691696 (+0.03%) |    1690264 (-0.05%)
libregex-77385931-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |    2007348   |    2006050 (-0.06%) |    2003804 (-0.18%)
libregex-77385931-0.11.0-pre.so          |     450520   |     450790 (+0.06%) |     449535 (-0.22%)
libregex_macros-a2216dec-0.11.0-pre.so   |     597208   |     569004 (-4.72%) |     568800 (-4.76%)
librlibc-d1ece24e-0.11.0-pre.rlib        |      12394   |      12394 (+0.00%) |      12394 (+0.00%)
librustc-d252d482-0.11.0-pre.so          |   51582383   |   51230320 (-0.68%) |   50930784 (-1.26%)
librustdoc-6ecbf63e-0.11.0-pre.so        |    4557074   |    4501877 (-1.21%) |    4394506 (-3.57%)
librustuv-ede8cb89-0.11.0-pre.rlib       |    4774956   |    4791366 (+0.34%) |    4732386 (-0.89%)
librustuv-ede8cb89-0.11.0-pre.so         |    1401710   |    1400237 (-0.11%) |    1386869 (-1.06%)
libsemver-e49a2dee-0.11.0-pre.rlib       |     392704   |     392434 (-0.07%) |     392940 (+0.06%)
libsemver-e49a2dee-0.11.0-pre.so         |      71863   |      71847 (-0.02%) |      71860 (-0.00%)
libserialize-0352aab7-0.11.0-pre.rlib    |    8059698   |    8033972 (-0.32%) |    7989802 (-0.87%)
libserialize-0352aab7-0.11.0-pre.so      |    1126099   |    1115520 (-0.94%) |    1101721 (-2.16%)
libstd-59beb4f7-0.11.0-pre.rlib          |   18802728   |   18780212 (-0.12%) |   18743438 (-0.32%)
libstd-59beb4f7-0.11.0-pre.so            |    4499534   |    4488835 (-0.24%) |    4477677 (-0.49%)
libsync-305341d2-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |    1377062   |    1400190 (+1.68%) |    1369498 (-0.55%)
libsync-305341d2-0.11.0-pre.so           |     306762   |     312212 (+1.78%) |     304095 (-0.87%)
libsyntax-555559ea-0.11.0-pre.so         |    6703330   |    6632254 (-1.06%) |    6596295 (-1.60%)
libterm-4e4945a5-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |    1503928   |    1512648 (+0.58%) |    1495932 (-0.53%)
libterm-4e4945a5-0.11.0-pre.so           |     389380   |     392678 (+0.85%) |     385517 (-0.99%)
libtest-a79f950d-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |    3606962   |    3555410 (-1.43%) |    3589258 (-0.49%)
libtest-a79f950d-0.11.0-pre.so           |     740255   |     728398 (-1.60%) |     734521 (-0.77%)
libtime-4bb3739b-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |     847036   |     847178 (+0.02%) |     847194 (+0.02%)
libtime-4bb3739b-0.11.0-pre.so           |     131516   |     132829 (+1.00%) |     131518 (+0.00%)
liburl-b8b5640c-0.11.0-pre.rlib          |     647764   |     647558 (-0.03%) |     646896 (-0.13%)
liburl-b8b5640c-0.11.0-pre.so            |     146616   |     146621 (+0.00%) |     146531 (-0.06%)
libuuid-238d8f44-0.11.0-pre.rlib         |     359732   |     359682 (-0.01%) |     358936 (-0.22%)
libuuid-238d8f44-0.11.0-pre.so           |      77110   |      77110 (+0.00%) |      77023 (-0.11%)
total                                    |  237081476   |  236049893 (-0.44%) |  234752639 (-0.98%)


So running MergeFunc early like in the clang patch isn't nearly as good as running it late. I also tried to enable usage of global aliases instead of just thunks when merging functions, but that crashes.
doc: remove trailing shell prompts

because eyesore
doc: remove trailing spaces from Guide
auto merge of #16717 : tshepang/rust/misplaced-comma, r=pcwalton

Also:

* Remove unseeming repetition.
* By now, the reader has already heard that Rust is safe by default, so
reduce the overlong sentence, making it easier to read.
libcore: Simplify Enumerate, Zip::next_back

Use ExactSize::len() and defer to its decisions about overly defensive
assertions. Remove the length double-check and simply put a failure
case if the Zip finds an uneven end in .next_back().

Fixing this up since I think I wrote this, and it's been known to
confuse rusties (PR#15886).
auto merge of #16722 : tshepang/rust/trailing-spaces, r=pcwalton
doc: fix some typos in the Guide