rustdoc: Enable the footnote markdown extension

This enables hoedown's footnote extension, and fixes all footnotes in the
reference manual to use the new syntax.
doc: Remove latex math documentation

This hasn't worked since pandoc stopped being used. We can get by well enough
with the superscript extension for these equations.

Closes #12989
rustdoc: Turn the noise down on implemented traits

This commit removes the inherited documentation from type pages. This generally
just clutters up the page when you can click through to the trait itself to get
all the meaty documentation.

Closes #11991