Speed up repeated execution of unit tests

In the Cucumber tests, we do not access the Internet to install test
dependencies -- we assume that you've already run `bundle install` or
`appraisal install` to install those dependencies. Change the RSpec
tests so that the same thing happens.
Revert 561ac3e2f0c9b717114f7452597062cf32584316

(Change `validate_uniqueness_of_matcher` to give non-null columns
default values)

This sounds good in theory, but we cannot choose default values that
make sense in every single context. For instance, if the column only
accepts certain values, then a default value must be chosen which is one
of those values. There is no way we can know this. Instead of making
`validate_uniqueness_of` magical, we should insist that people
create a record that has the proper attributes with the proper values
before using `validate_uniqueness_of`.