Fix the most egregious instances of "local ambiguity: multiple parsing options..." error in macros, which often occurs when trying to match parts of Rust syntax.
For example, this matcher: `fn $name:ident( $($param:ident : $pty:ty),* )` would fail when parsing `fn foo()`, because macro parser wouldn't realize that an ident cannot start with `)`.

This resolves #5902, and at least partially mitigates #9364 and #3232.
auto merge of #17838 : vadimcn/rust/macros, r=alexcrichton