(PUP-1736) Log Application runtime information

Add a debug message to the startup sequence of Puppet applications that
contains information about the runtime environment. Currently the following
pieces of information are logged:

  - Puppet Version
  - Ruby Version
  - Puppet Application Run Mode
  - Runtime locale if Ruby Version >= 1.9.3
Merge pull request #2569 from Sharpie/log-locale

(PUP-1736) Log master and agent locale information