Fix issue #5121: Add proper support for early/late distinction for lifetime bindings

Fix issue #5121: Add proper support for early/late distinction for lifetime bindings.

There are some little refactoring cleanups as separate commits; the real meat that has the actual fix is in the final commit.

The original author of the work was @nikomatsakis; I have reviewed it, revised it slightly, refactored it into these separate commits, and done some rebasing work.