[BasicAA] Revert "Revert r218714 - Make better use of zext and sign information."

This reverts r218944, which reverted r218714, plus a bug fix.

Description of the bug in r218714 (by Nick)

The original patch forgot to check if the Scale in VariableGEPIndex flipped the
sign of the variable. The BasicAA pass iterates over the instructions in the
order they appear in the function, and so BasicAliasAnalysis::aliasGEP is
called with the variable it first comes across as parameter GEP1. Adding a
%reorder label puts the definition of %a after %b so aliasGEP is called with %b
as the first parameter and %a as the second. aliasGEP later calculates that %a
== %b + 1 - %idxprom where %idxprom >= 0 (if %a was passed as the first
parameter it would calculate %b == %a - 1 + %idxprom where %idxprom >= 0) -
ignoring that %idxprom is scaled by -1 here lead the patch to incorrectly
conclude that %a > %b.

Revised patch by Nick White, thanks! Thanks to Lang to isolating the bug.
Slightly modified by me to add an early exit from the loop and avoid
unnecessary, but expensive, function calls.

Original commit message:

Two related things:

 1. Fixes a bug when calculating the offset in GetLinearExpression. The code
    previously used zext to extend the offset, so negative offsets were converted
    to large positive ones.

 2. Enhance aliasGEP to deduce that, if the difference between two GEP
    allocations is positive and all the variables that govern the offset are also
    positive (i.e. the offset is strictly after the higher base pointer), then
    locations that fit in the gap between the two base pointers are NoAlias.

Patch by Nick White!