Revise 'sqlite3:' URL handling for smoother upgrades

Restore the 4.0 behaviour for 'sqlite3:///', but deprecate it. We'll
change to the absolute-path interpretation in 4.2.

The current "correct" spellings for in-memory, relative, and absolute
URLs, respectively, are:

    sqlite3::memory:
    sqlite3:relative/path
    sqlite3:/full/path

Substantially reverses/defers fbb79b517f3127ba620fedd01849f9628b78d6ce.
Uncovered by @guilleiguaran while investigating #14495, though that
sounds like a different issue.
Complete change of `sqlite3:///` path handling

That which was now relative is now absolute.
Merge pull request #14569 from matthewd/sqlite_relative_deprecated

Revise 'sqlite3:' URL handling for smoother upgrades

Conflicts:
	activerecord/CHANGELOG.md