[CodeGenPrepare] Handle zero extensions in the TypePromotionHelper.

Prior to this patch the TypePromotionHelper was promoting only sign extensions.
Supporting zero extensions changes:
- How constants are extended.
- How sign extensions, zero extensions, and truncate are composed together.
- How the type of the extended operation is recorded. Now we need to know the
  kind of the extension as well as its type.

Each change is fairly small, unlike the diff.
Most of the diff are comments/variable renaming to say "extension" instead of
"sign extension".

The performance improvements on the test suite are within the noise.

Related to <rdar://problem/18310086>.