GLSL: Handle more intrinsics, fix bugs in code generation and texture transfer

Map intrinsics to correct GLSL functions:
- trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2)
- exponential functions (pow, exp, log)
- general functions (floor, ceil, lerp)

Since GLSL doesn't support bit arithmetic, don't use C backend to generate
code for "Mod" and "Div".
Yeah, calling simplify is probably better. There are probably other simplifications of cast that could occur.