transport_layer: Splitting UDP and TCP

Currently, the tcp and udp implementations are bound to each other in a
module called *destiny*. Thus, when using only one of them then the
other one gets also compiled into the binary and initialized,
which results in unnecessary RAM usage and workload for the CPU.

The approach in this PR defines a common module named *socket_base*,
which contains functions used by the posix layer. Compiled by it's own,
those functions return negative error codes, to symbolize upper layers
that they are not supported. When also including the modules *udp* or
*tcp* respectively, functions from *socket_base* get overwritten with the
correct functionality.

Defining *udp* or *tcp* in a Makefile also includes *socket_base*.
Defining *pnet* in a Makefile also includes *socket_base*.
Defining *transport_layer* in a Makefile includes *udp* and *tcp*.