API: clarify DataFrame.apply reduction on empty frames

Add `is_reduction` argument to `DataFrame.apply` to avoid undefined behavior when `.apply` is called on an empty DataFrame when function being applied is only defined for valid inputs.

Currently, if the DataFrame is empty, a guess is made at the correct return value (either a `DataFrame` or a `Series`) by calling the function being applied with an empty Series as an argument:

```python
if not all(self.shape):
    # How to determine this better?
    is_reduction = False
    try:
        is_reduction = not isinstance(f(_EMPTY_SERIES), Series)
    except Exception:
        pass

    if is_reduction:
        return Series(NA, index=self._get_agg_axis(axis))
    else:
        return self.copy()
```

For reduction functions which produce undefined results on unexpected input (ex, a function which doesn't expect an empty argument), this means that the the result of `apply` is also undefined.

This pull request adds an explicit `is_reduction` argument so that it's possible to explicitly control this otherwise undefined behavior.

**Update**: there has been the suggestion that the existing `reduce` argument should be used. Is this reasonable? The PR would be updated as follows:

* Remove the `is_reduction` argument
* Change the default value of `reduce` from `True` to `None` (to preserve the current behavior of checking the return value of the function being applied)
* In the case of an empty DataFrame, treat `reduce` in the same way that I'm currently treating `is_reduction`
* Otherwise treat `reduce` as normal

Ref:
* http://stackoverflow.com/q/21225608/71522
* http://stackoverflow.com/q/21225552/71522