Split main text into handouts for lectures

I'm changing the goal of the project a little --- instead of writing a
textbook, I'm going to start with lecture notes and slides for my
elective. The original goal just wasn't going to happen any time soon.

This commit also rewrites some of the Bayesian material and includes
some julia code to plot a posterior density.

*Many* lectures still need to be written.
Add checklist for new version releases
Add a mostly-finished version of the syllabus for Fall 2014