etcdserver: Calculate IDs based on PeerURLs and --initial-cluster-name

Removes the notion of node name being anything more than advisory or
command-line grouping, and adds checks for bootstrapping the command
line. IDs are consistent if the URLs and cluster name (as a token) are consistent.

Adds a flag --initial-cluster-name and mentions it in clustering.md
Right, that's why it's still there. I'm fine with it being as-is, just was explaining.