[OptionsResolver] Require arrays to be of a certain type

| Q             | A
| ------------- | ---
| Bug fix?      | no
| New feature?  | yes
| BC breaks?    | no
| Deprecations? | no
| Tests pass?   | yes
| Fixed tickets | -
| License       | MIT
| Doc PR        | symfony/symfony-docs#4339

### What does it do?
This PR allows users to define their options to be **arrays of a certain type**, as documented [on phpdoc](http://phpdoc.org/docs/latest/guides/types.html).

For example, using `stdClass[]`:
```php
$resolver->setAllowedTypes(array(
  'foo' => 'stdClass[]'
));
```
...would ensure the value of `foo` to be an array of `stdClass`-instances. 

I've also added supported for the alternate way of writing this, which is `array<stdClass>`:
```php
$resolver->setAllowedTypes(array(
   'foo' => 'array<stdClass>'
));
```
...and has the same effect.

To make things even easier (at least for my own use-cases), I've also added a very neat feature where you can even define the array's keys to be of a certain type:
```php
$resolver->setAllowedTypes(array(
   'foo' => 'array<string, integer>'
));
```
...which would force an array to have keys of type `string` and values of type `integer`.

### Why? Can't you just use callbacks?
I've been using a lot of callbacks in my resolver-configurations *just* to make sure my arrays contain instances of the correct class, and this has made it quite unreadable to say the least. I could fall back to using my own libraries but I think this could suit others as well.
Practically, having this feature would allow me to shorten my configuration in most of my code down to about a third of what it is now, just removing all the callbacks I won't be needing. 
Additionally, I think users who have similar set-ups (requiring arrays to have certain types of values) will also profit from this.

### Performance
I've been made aware in previous PR's that the OptionsResolver-component has to be very light as it is accessed so many times by the symfony framework during a request-cycle. Because of this, I've tried my best to keep give this feature the lowest priority in the checks during `validateTypes()`. 
This is also why I've added the `is_array` check before calling `validateNestedType` (just to save a few more calls). And why I decided to simply copy the type-checking code (`is_{$type}()`, `$type instanceof`, etc...), instead of moving all of it to a separate method (being the DRY-fan I am), which would force a call to it on every `$type`-iteration in the `validateTypes()`-method (and calling other methods was the real killer I believe?).
I am not sure if my way of avoiding this is sufficient... or perhaps even overkill (I hope the latter :smile:). For what it's worth though, I'd give this PR very little priority over others, perhaps even pending it for 3.x?

### Attributions
The idea of using these formats to describe the types was inspired by @schmittjoh's [Serializer](https://github.com/schmittjoh/serializer) package, which lets you describe array values in the same way. 

The definition of the similar phpdoc format can be found [here](http://phpdoc.org/docs/latest/guides/types.html).