commit: safer commit creation with reference update

The current version of the commit creation and amend function are unsafe
to use when passing the update_ref parameter, as they do not check that
the reference at the moment of update points to what the user expects.

Make sure that we're moving history forward when we ask the library to
update the reference for us by checking that the first parent of the new
commit is the current value of the reference. We also make sure that the
ref we're updating hasn't moved between the read and the write.

Similarly, when amending a commit, make sure that the current tip of the
branch is the commit we're amending.
Add build option for diff internal statistics
Skip diff oid calc when size definitely changed

When we think the stat cache in the index seems valid and the size
or mode of a file has definitely changed, then don't bother trying
to recalculate the OID of the workdir bits to confirm that it is
modified - just accept that it is modified.

This can result in files that show as modified with no actual diff,
but the behavior actually appears to match Git on the command line.

This also includes a minor optimization to not perform a submodule
lookup on the ".git" directory itself.
Lay groundwork for updating stat cache in diff

This reorganized the diff OID calculation to make it easier to
correctly update the stat cache during a diff once the flags to
do so are enabled.

This includes marking the path of a git_index_entry as const so
we can make a "fake" git_index_entry with a "const char *" path
and not get warnings.  I was a little surprised at how unobtrusive
this change was, but I think it's probably a good thing.
Add diff option to update index stat cache

When diff is scanning the working directory, if it finds a file
where it is not sure if the index entry matches the working dir,
it will recalculate the OID (which is pretty expensive).  This
adds a new flag to diff so that if the OID calculation finds that
the file actually has not changed (i.e. just the modified time was
altered or such), then it will refresh the stat cache in the index
so that future calls to diff will not have to check the oid again.
Add GIT_STATUS_OPT_UPDATE_INDEX and use trace API

This adds an option to refresh the stat cache while generating
status.  It also rips out the GIT_PERF stuff I had an makes use
of the trace API to keep statistics about what happens during diff.
Don't use trace if GIT_TRACE not defined
Add payloads, bitmaps to trace API

This is a proposed adjustment to the trace APIs.  This makes the
trace levels into a bitmask so that they can be selectively enabled
and adds a callback-level payload, plus a message-level payload.

This makes it easier for me to a GIT_TRACE_PERF callbacks that
are simply bypassed if the PERF level is not set.
Get rid of redundant git_diff_options_init fn

Since git_diff_init_options was introduced, remove this old fn.
Remove trace / add git_diff_perfdata struct + api
Make init_options fns use unsigned ints and macro

Use an unsigned int for the version and add a helper macro so the
code is simplified (and so the error message is a common string).
Fix remaining init_options inconsistencies

There were a couple of "init_opts()" functions a few more cases
of structure initialization that I somehow missed.
Improve handling of fake home directory

There are a few tests that set up a fake home directory and a
fake GLOBAL search path so that we can test things in global
ignore or attribute or config files.  This cleans up that code to
work more robustly even if there is a test failure.  This also
fixes some valgrind warnings where scanning search paths for
separators could end up doing a little bit of sketchy data access
when coming to the end of search list.
Some further sandboxing cleanups to tests

Trying to find other issues where tests may not clean up quite
properly when they are through...
Merge pull request #2310 from libgit2/cmn/commit-create-safe

commit: safer commit creation with reference update
Merge pull request #2308 from libgit2/rb/diff-update-index-stat-cache

Reduce excessive OID calculation for diff and stat