Prepend should be append in the 30 minute intro

The examples are about adding to the end of the array, not the
beginning.
Make TyTrait embed a `TraitRef`, so that when we extend TraitRef, it naturally carries over to object types.

I wanted to embed an `Rc<TraitRef>`, but I was foiled by the current
static rules, which prohibit non-Sync values from being stored in
static locations. This means that the constants for `ty_int` and so
forth cannot be initialized.
Update parser with `for` syntax
Update tests where we don't report errors twice anymore
Purge the old `once_fns`, which are not coming back
Fix tidy error
auto merge of #18743 : nikomatsakis/rust/hrtb-refactor-2, r=pcwalton

Various miscellaneous changes pushing towards HRTB support:

1. Update parser and adjust ast to support `for<'a,'b>` syntax, both in closures and trait bounds. Warn on the old syntax (not error, for stage0).
2. Refactor TyTrait representation to include a TraitRef.
3. Purge `once_fns` feature gate and `once` keyword.

r? @pcwalton 

This is a [breaking-change]:

- The `once_fns` feature is now officially deprecated. Rewrite using normal closures or unboxed closures.
- The new `for`-based syntax now issues warnings (but not yet errors):
  - `fn<'a>(T) -> U` becomes `for<'a> fn(T) -> U`
  - `<'a> |T| -> U` becomes `for<'a> |T| -> U`
Runtime removal: add private sys, sys_common modules

These modules will house the code that used to be part of the runtime system
in libnative. The `sys_common` module contains a few low-level but
cross-platform details. The `sys` module is set up using `#[cfg()]` to
include either a unix or windows implementation of a common API
surface. This API surface is *not* exported directly in `libstd`, but is
instead used to bulid `std::os` and `std::io`.

Ultimately, the low-level details in `sys` will be exposed in a
controlled way through a separate platform-specific surface, but that
setup is not part of this patch.
Remove signal handling.

Since signal handling was only implemented through librustuv, which is
now gone, there's no reason to even provide the API.

[breaking-change]
Runtime removal: refactor fs

This moves the filesystem implementation from libnative into the new
`sys` modules, refactoring along the way and hooking into `std::io::fs`.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: refactor pipes and networking

This patch continues the runtime removal by moving pipe and
networking-related code into `sys`.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: refactor helper threads

This patch continues the runtime removal by moving
libnative::io::helper_thread into sys::helper_signal and
sys_common::helper_thread

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: refactor process

This patch continues the runtime removal by moving and refactoring the
process implementation into the new `sys` module.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: refactor timer

This patch continues runtime removal by moving out timer-related code
into `sys`.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: refactor tty

This patch continues runtime removal by moving the tty implementations
into `sys`.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Runtime removal: fully remove rtio

This patch cleans up the remnants of the runtime IO interface.

Because this eliminates APIs in `libnative` and `librustrt`, it is a:

[breaking-change]

This functionality is likely to be available publicly, in some form,
from `std` in the future.
Remove somewhat bogus process-spawn-errno test (non-mac, non-windows only)
Ignore sepcomp-lib-lto on android due to linker weirdness
auto merge of #18557 : aturon/rust/io-removal, r=alexcrichton

This PR includes a sequence of commits that gradually dismantles the `librustrt` `rtio` system -- the main trait previously used to abstract over green and native io. It also largely dismantles `libnative`, moving much of its code into `libstd` and refactoring as it does so.

TL;DR:

* Before this PR: `rustc hello.rs && wc -c hello` produces 715,996
* After this PR:  `rustc hello.rs && wc -c hello` produces 368,100

That is, this PR reduces the footprint of hello world by ~50%.

This is a major step toward #17325 (i.e. toward implementing the [runtime removal RFC](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/230).) What remains is to pull out the scheduling, synchronization and task infrastructure, and to remove `libgreen`. These will be done soon in a follow-up PR.

Part of the work here is eliminating the `rtio` abstraction, which in many cases means bringing the implementation of io closer to the actual API presented in `std::io`.

Another aspect of this PR is the creation of two new, *private* modules within `std` that implement io:

* The `sys` module, which represents a platform-specific implementation of a number of low-level abstractions that are used directly within `std::io` and `std::os`. These "abstractions" are left largely the same as they were in `libnative` (except for the removal of `Arc` in file descriptors), but they are expected to evolve greatly over time. Organizationally, there are `sys/unix/` and `sys/windows/` directories which both implement the entire `sys` module hierarchy; this means that nearly all of the platform-specific code is isolated and you can get a handle on each platform in isolation.

* The `sys_common` module, which is rooted at `sys/common`, and provides a few pieces of private, low-level, but cross-platform functionality.

In the long term, the `sys` modules will provide hooks for exposing high-level platform-specific APIs as part of `libstd`. The first such API will be access to file descriptors from `std::io` abstractions, but a bit of design work remains before that step can be taken. 

The `sys_common` module includes some traits (like `AsFileDesc`) which allow communication of private details between modules in disparate locations in the hierarchy; this helps overcome the relatively simple hierarchical privacy system in Rust.

To emphasize: the organization in `sys` is *very preliminary* and the main goal was to migrate away from `rtio` as quickly and simply as possible. The design will certainly evolve over time, and all of the details are currently private.

Along the way, this PR also entirely removes signal handling, since it was only supported on `librustuv` which was removed a while ago. 

Because of the removal of APIs from `libnative` and `librustrt`, and the removal of signal handling, this is a:

[breaking-change]

Some of these APIs will return in public from from `std` over time.

r? @alexcrichton
auto merge of #18748 : carols10cents/rust/prepend-to-append, r=alexcrichton

A most trivial documentation correction. The examples in the intro are all about adding to the end of the array, not the beginning, but this one line says "prepend".

This isn't a very serious problem, it just made me a bit confused when I got to it.