Add a (more constrained) API for expressing filters on columns

This is to support predicate push down, which will take advantage of these constrained filter predicates.
This will need to be reconciled with the column filters currently in the `parquet.filter` package, but I wanted to get feedback on this first.

Sample usage in java:
```
// if you lie, and column "a.b.c" isn't an int column, we won't know until runtime. 
Column<Integer> abc = column("a.b.c"); 
Column<Double> xyz = column("x.y.z");

FilterPredicate predicate =
      and(not(or(eq(abc, 7), eq(abc, 17))), gtEq(xyz, 100.0));
```

Sample usage in scala:
```
val abc = Column[Int]("a.b.c")
val xyz = Column[Double]("x.y.z")
val predicate = !((abc === 7) || (abc === 17)) && (xyz >= 100.0)
```
all types accept dictionary encoding (except boolean maybe)
additionally they should probably advertise if they implement this so that we don't fetch the dictionary if there's nothing to do with it. Possibly this can be detected by looking at the class object (getDeclaredMethods)