Add index.data_path setting

This allows specifying the path an index will be at.

`index.data_path` is specified in the settings when creating an index,
and can not be dynamically changed.

An example request would look like:

POST /myindex
{
  "settings": {
    "number_of_shards": 2,
    "data_path": "/tmp/myindex"
  }
}

And would put data in /tmp/myindex/0/index/0 and /tmp/myindex/0/index/1

Since this can be used to write data to arbitrary locations on disk, it
requires enabling the `node.enable_custom_paths` setting in
elasticsearch.yml on all nodes.

Relates to #8976