libstd: Change `slice_shift_char`, `shift_char`, `pop_char`, `shift_byte` and `pop_byte` to return an Option instead of failing
libstd: Add unit tests for `slice_shift_char`
libstd: Update docs for `slice_shift_char` and {shift,pop}_{char,byte}
debuginfo: Improve commandline option handling for debuginfo (fixes #12811)

The `-g` flag does not take an argument anymore while the argument to `--debuginfo` becomes mandatory. This change makes it possible again to run the compiler like this:

`rustc -g ./file.rs`

This did not work before because `./file.rs` was misinterpreted as the argument to `-g`. In order to get limited debuginfo, one now has to use `--debuginfo=1`.
std: Move rand to librand.

This functionality is not super-core and so doesn't need to be included
in std. It's possible that std may need rand (it does a little bit now,
for io::test) in which case the functionality required could be moved to
a secret hidden module and reexposed by librand.

Unfortunately, using #[deprecated] here is hard: there's too much to
mock to make it feasible, since we have to ensure that programs still
typecheck to reach the linting phase.
Remove the dependence of std::io::test on rand.

This replaces it with a manual "task rng" using XorShift and a crappy
seeding mechanism. Theoretically good enough for the purposes
though (unique for tests).
Update users for the std::rand -> librand move.
rand: deprecate `rng`.

This should be called far less than it is because it does expensive OS
interactions and seeding of the internal RNG, `task_rng` amortises this
cost. The main problem is the name is so short and suggestive.

The direct equivalent is `StdRng::new`, which does precisely the same
thing.

The deprecation will make migrating away from the function easier.
syntax: Add support for trait bounds on procs

This is needed to make progress on #10296 as the default bounds will no longer
include Send. I believe that this was the originally intended syntax for procs,
and it just hasn't been necessary up until now.
auto merge of #12650 : huonw/rust/librand, r=alexcrichton

Move std::rand to a separate rand crate

This functionality is not super-core and so doesn't need to be included
in std. It's possible that std may need rand (it does a little bit now,
for io::test) in which case the functionality required could be moved to
a secret hidden module and reexposed by librand.

Unfortunately, using #[deprecated] here is hard: there's too much to
mock to make it feasible, since we have to ensure that programs still
typecheck to reach the linting phase.

Also, deprecates/removes `rand::rng` (this time using `#[deprecated]`), since it's too easy to accidentally use inside a loop, making things very slow (have to read randomness from the OS and seed the RNG each time.)
auto merge of #12774 : alexcrichton/rust/proc-bounds, r=pcwalton

This is needed to make progress on #10296 as the default bounds will no longer
include Send. I believe that this was the originally intended syntax for procs,
and it just hasn't been necessary up until now.
Port partition method from ~[T] to Vec<T>, for use early-late lifetime code.
Alpha-rename `.ident` fields of type `Name` to `.name`.
test: Relax a debuginfo test

This test is blocking a snapshot. Apparently the snapshot bot doesn't print
'limited-debuginfo::main()' but rather just 'main()'. Who knew?
alpha-rename .ident to .name in Lifetime, including in rustdoc.
Introduce Scope<'a> shorthand for &'a ScopeChain<'a>.
Changed lists of lifetimes in ast and ty to use Vec instead of OptVec.

There is a broader revision (that does this across the board) pending
in #12675, but that is awaiting the arrival of more data (to decide
whether to keep OptVec alive by using a non-Vec internally).

For this code, the representation of lifetime lists needs to be the
same in both ScopeChain and in the ast and ty structures.  So it
seemed cleanest to just use `vec_ng::Vec`, now that it has a cheaper
empty representation than the current `vec` code.
Add proper support for early/late distinction for lifetime bindings.
Uses newly added Vec::partition method to simplify resolve_lifetime.
auto merge of #12839 : alexcrichton/rust/fix-snap, r=huonw

This test is blocking a snapshot. Apparently the snapshot bot doesn't print
'limited-debuginfo::main()' but rather just 'main()'. Who knew?
auto merge of #12807 : pnkfelix/rust/fsk-issue5121-fns-with-early-lifetime-params, r=pnkfelix

Fix issue #5121: Add proper support for early/late distinction for lifetime bindings.

There are some little refactoring cleanups as separate commits; the real meat that has the actual fix is in the final commit.

The original author of the work was @nikomatsakis; I have reviewed it, revised it slightly, refactored it into these separate commits, and done some rebasing work.