fix($browser): detect changes to the browser url that happened in sync

Closes #6976.
feat($templateRequest): introduce the $templateRequest service

This handy service is designed to download and cache template contents
and to throw an error when a template request fails.

BREAKING CHANGE

Angular will now throw a $compile minErr each a template fails to download
for ngView, directives and ngMessage template requests. This changes the former
behavior of silently ignoring failed HTTP requests--or when the template itself
is empty. Please ensure that all directive, ngView and ngMessage code now properly
addresses this scenario. NgInclude is uneffected from this change.
fix($animate): ensure guarded animations consider AJAX requests upon bootstrap

Prior to this fix when an Angular application is bootstrapped it would only
place an animation guard to prevent animations from running when the application
starts for the first two digest cycles. However, if any controllers or directives,
that are executed upon boostrap, trigger any remote code to be downloaded (via $http)
then the guard does not put that into consideration. This fix now properly addresses
that circumstance and removes the guard once all outbound HTTP requests are complete
when an Angular application is bootstrapped.

Closes #8275
Closes #5262
feat($compile/ngBind): allow disabling binding info

The compiler and ngBind directives add binding information (`ng-binding`
CSS class and `$binding` data property) to elements when they are bound to
the scope. This is only to aid testing and debugging for tools such as
Protractor and Batarang. In production this is unnecessary and add a
performance penalty.

This can be now disabled by calling `$compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false)`
in a module `config` block:
```
someModule.config(['$compileProvider', function($compileProvider) {
  $compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false);
}]);
```

In the bench/apps/largetable-bp benchmark this change, with debug info disabled,
improved by ~140ms, that is 10%.
Measuring the "create" phase, 25 loops, mean time ~1340ms -> ~1200ms.

We were storing the whole `interpolationFn` in the `$binding` data on
elements but this function was bringing a lot of closure variables with it
and so was consuming unwanted amounts of memory.

Now we are only storing the parsed interpolation expressions from the
binding (i.e. the values of `interpolationFn.expressions`).

BREAKING CHANGE:
The value of `$binding` data property on an element is always an array now
and the expressions do not include the curly braces `{{ ... }}`.
feat($compile): allow disabling scope info

The compiler adds scope information (`ng-scope` CSS class and `$scope` data property) to elements
when the are bound to the scope. This is mostly to aid debugging tools such as Batarang. In
production this should be unnecesary and adds a performance penalty.

In the bench/apps/largetable-bp this change caused an improvement of ~100ms (7%).

This can be now disabled by calling `$compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false)`
in a module `config` block:
```
someModule.config(['$compileProvider', function($compileProvider) {
  $compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false);
}]);
```

In the bench/apps/largetable-bp benchmark this change, with debug info disabled,
improved by ~120ms, that is ~10%.
Measuring the "create" phase, 25 loops, mean time ~1200ms -> ~1080ms.
test(input): dealoc elements
test(ngClass): dealoc elements
feat: add angular.reloadWithDebugInfo()
chore(clean-shrinkwrap): chokidar is fixed since 0.8.2
chore(deps): update protractor to 1.1.1
test(e2e): fix by.binding() locators

After upgrading, Protractor requires exact string that is used in the binding.
refactor($compile): $$addBindingInfo accepts single expression or an array

Instead of knowing about `.expressions` property, it just accepts a single expression or an array of expressions.
refactor: remove doReload arg used only for testing

We run unit tests in “strict” mode and thus can’t monkey-patch `window.location` nor `window.location.reload`. In order to avoid full page reload, we could pass location as argument, or another level of indirection, something like this:
```js
var ourGlobalFunkyLocation = window.location;
function reloadWithDebugInfo() {
  window.name = 'NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO!' + window.name;
  ourGlobalFunkyLocation.reload();
}

// in the test
ourGlobalFunkyLocation = {
  reload: function() {}
};
reloadWithDebugInfo();
ourGlobalFunkyLocation = window.location;
```

I don’t think any of these make sense, just so that we can test setting `window.name`. If the `reloadWithDebugInfo` function was more complicated, I would do it.

I don’t think it’s worthy to confuse production code with extra logic which purpose was only to make testing possible.
refactor($compile): $$addScopeInfo always expects jq wrapper

`$$addScopeInfo` used to accept either DOM Node or jqLite/jQuery
wrapper. This commit simplifies the method to always require
jqLite/jQuery wrapper and thus remove the `element.data` condition which
was wrong. If `element` was a raw comment element, the `data` property
was a string (the value of the comment) and an exception was thrown.
refactor($compile): rename element -> $element

To follow our convention (at least in this file): if it’s
a jqLite/jQuery wrapper than the variable name starts with `$`.
perf($compile): add debug classes in compile phase

In a93f03d and d37f103 we changed the compiler and ngBind to add debugging CSS classes (i.e. ng-scope, ng-binding) in linking function. This simplified the code and made sense under the original assumptions that the debug info will be disabled by default. That is however not the case - debug info is enabled by default.

When debug info is enabled, this change improves the largetable-bp
benchmark by ~580ms, that is 30% faster.
Measuring the “create” phase, 25 loops, meantime ~1920ms -> ~1340ms.

This change does not affect performance when debug info is disabled.
refactor(ngBind): name link and compile functions

For easier debugging.
docs(debugInfo): add docs for $compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled()
feat(testability): add $$testability service

The $$testability service is a collection of methods for use when debugging
or by automated testing tools. It is available globally through the function
`angular.getTestability`.
For reference, see the Angular.Dart version at
https://github.com/angular/angular.dart/pull/1191