rustc: Run destructors when dest=Ignore

Previously, if statements of the form "Foo;" or "let _ = Foo;" were encountered
where Foo had a destructor, the destructors were not run. This changes
the relevant locations in trans to check for ty::type_needs_drop and invokes
trans_to_lvalue instead of trans_into.

Closes #4734
Closes #6892
rustc: Remove f{32,64} % from the language

This commit removes the compiler support for floating point modulus operations,
as well as from the language. An implementation for this operator is now
required to be provided by libraries.

Floating point modulus is rarely used, doesn't exist in C, and is always lowered
to an fmod library call by LLVM, and LLVM is considering removing support
entirely.

Closes #12278
rust-mode cleanup.

* Use `setq-local' instead of (set (make-local-variable ...) value).
  Provides a version for older Emacsen.
* Remove use of `cl.el'.
* Use \' in file regexp instead of line end match $.
* Use type for defcustom and add parent group.
Collect move errors before reporting

This commit changes the way move errors are reported when some value is
captured by a PatIdent. First, we collect all of the "cannot move out
of" errors before reporting them, and those errors with the same "move
source" are reported together. If the move is caused by a PatIdent (that
binds by value), we add a note indicating where it is and suggest the
user to put `ref` if they don't want the value to move. This makes the
"cannot move out of" error in match expression nicer (though the extra
note may not feel that helpful in other places :P). For example, with
the following code snippet,

```rust
enum Foo {
    Foo1(~u32, ~u32),
    Foo2(~u32),
    Foo3,
}

fn main() {
    let f = &Foo1(~1u32, ~2u32);
    match *f {
        Foo1(num1, num2) => (),
        Foo2(num) => (),
        Foo3 => ()
    }
}
```

Errors before the change:

```rust
test.rs:10:9: 10:25 error: cannot move out of dereference of `&`-pointer
test.rs:10         Foo1(num1, num2) => (),
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
test.rs:10:9: 10:25 error: cannot move out of dereference of `&`-pointer
test.rs:10         Foo1(num1, num2) => (),
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
test.rs:11:9: 11:18 error: cannot move out of dereference of `&`-pointer
test.rs:11         Foo2(num) => (),
                   ^~~~~~~~~
```

After:

```rust
test.rs:9:11: 9:13 error: cannot move out of dereference of `&`-pointer
test.rs:9     match *f {
                    ^~
test.rs:10:14: 10:18 note: attempting to move value to here (to prevent the move, you can use `ref num1` to capture value by reference)
test.rs:10         Foo1(num1, num2) => (),
                        ^~~~
test.rs:10:20: 10:24 note: and here (use `ref num2`)
test.rs:10         Foo1(num1, num2) => (),
                              ^~~~
test.rs:11:14: 11:17 note: and here (use `ref num`)
test.rs:11         Foo2(num) => (),
                        ^~~
```

Close #8064
doc: Add "A 30-minute Introduction to Rust"

By Steve Klabnik.
doc: Edit intro
std: Make std::comm return types consistent

There are currently a number of return values from the std::comm methods, not
all of which are necessarily completely expressive:

  Sender::try_send(t: T) -> bool
    This method currently doesn't transmit back the data `t` if the send fails
    due to the other end having disconnected. Additionally, this shares the name
    of the synchronous try_send method, but it differs in semantics in that it
    only has one failure case, not two (the buffer can never be full).

  SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> TrySendResult<T>
    This method accurately conveys all possible information, but it uses a
    custom type to the std::comm module with no convenience methods on it.
    Additionally, if you want to inspect the result you're forced to import
    something from `std::comm`.

  SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Option<T>
    This method uses Some(T) as an "error value" and None as a "success value",
    but almost all other uses of Option<T> have Some/None the other way

  Receiver::try_recv(t: T) -> TryRecvResult<T>
    Similarly to the synchronous try_send, this custom return type is lacking in
    terms of usability (no convenience methods).

With this number of drawbacks in mind, I believed it was time to re-work the
return types of these methods. The new API for the comm module is:

  Sender::send(t: T) -> ()
  Sender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
  SyncSender::send(t: T) -> ()
  SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
  SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> Result<(), TrySendError<T>>
  Receiver::recv() -> T
  Receiver::recv_opt() -> Result<T, ()>
  Receiver::try_recv() -> Result<T, TryRecvError>

The notable changes made are:

* Sender::try_send => Sender::send_opt. This renaming brings the semantics in
  line with the SyncSender::send_opt method. An asychronous send only has one
  failure case, unlike the synchronous try_send method which has two failure
  cases (full/disconnected).

* Sender::send_opt returns the data back to the caller if the send is guaranteed
  to fail. This method previously returned `bool`, but then it was unable to
  retrieve the data if the data was guaranteed to fail to send. There is still a
  race such that when `Ok(())` is returned the data could still fail to be
  received, but that's inherent to an asynchronous channel.

* Result is now the basis of all return values. This not only adds lots of
  convenience methods to all return values for free, but it also means that you
  can inspect the return values with no extra imports (Ok/Err are in the
  prelude). Additionally, it's now self documenting when something failed or not
  because the return value has "Err" in the name.

Things I'm a little uneasy about:

* The methods send_opt and recv_opt are not returning options, but rather
  results. I felt more strongly that Option was the wrong return type than the
  _opt prefix was wrong, and I coudn't think of a much better name for these
  methods. One possible way to think about them is to read the _opt suffix as
  "optionally".

* Result<T, ()> is often better expressed as Option<T>. This is only applicable
  to the recv_opt() method, but I thought it would be more consistent for
  everything to return Result rather than one method returning an Option.

Despite my two reasons to feel uneasy, I feel much better about the consistency
in return values at this point, and I think the only real open question is if
there's a better suffix for {send,recv}_opt.

Closes #11527
liblog doc: Fix apparent search-and-replace errors
syntax: remove ast::Sigil.
rustdoc: fix fallout from removing ast::Sigil.
rustc: fix fallout from removing ast::Sigil and use ty::TraitStore in ty::ClosureTy.
rustc: remove proc -> once || coercions.
rustc: remove the last mentions of @fn.
mk: Fix rpath on cross compile builds

After removing absolute rpaths, cross compile builds (notably the nightly
builders) broke. This is because the RPATH was pointing at an empty directory
because only the rustc binary is copied over, not all of the target libraries.
This modifies the cross compile logic to fixup the rpath of the stage0
cross-compiled rustc to point to where it came from.
rustc: Deterministically link upstream C libraries

Previously, upstream C libraries were linked in a nondeterministic fashion
because they were collected through iter_crate_data() which is a nodeterministic
traversal of a hash map. When upstream rlibs had interdependencies among their
native libraries (such as libfoo depending on libc), then the ordering would
occasionally be wrong, causing linkage to fail.

This uses the topologically sorted list of libraries to collect native
libraries, so if a native library depends on libc it just needs to make sure
that the rust crate depends on liblibc.
std: Fix iteration over vectors of 0-size values

Previously, all slices derived from a vector whose values were of size 0 had a
null pointer as the 'data' pointer on the slice. This caused first pointer to be
yielded during iteration to always be the null pointer. Due to the null pointer
optimization, this meant that the first return value was None, instead of
Some(&T).

This commit changes slice construction from a Vec instance to use a base pointer
of 1 if the values have zero size. This means that the iterator will never
return null, and the iteration will proceed appropriately.

Closes #13467
Implement Char::encode_utf16

And clean up encode_utf8 a bit.
Add tests for Char::encode_utf{8,16}
Decode non-BMP hex escapes in JSON

Fixes #13064.
Document traits in std::num (#7511)