Reapply "DebugInfo: Ensure that all debug location scope chains from instructions within a function, lead to the function itself."""

Recommits 212776 which was reverted in r212793. This has been committed
and recommitted a few times as I try to test it harder and find/fix more
issues. The most recent revert was due to an asan bot failure which I
can't seem to reproduce locally, though I believe I'm following all the
steps the buildbot does.

So I'm going to recommit this in the hopes of investigating the failure
on the buildbot itself... apologies in advance for the bot noise. If
anyone sees failures with this /please/ provide me with any
reproductions, etc.