remove duplicate field stripping

@bf4 @jeremy @mikel 

calling afield with it's own name seems like a pretty useless feature, removing this breaks ~30 specs, that I'd fix if we decide to go this way ...

https://github.com/mikel/mail/pull/720

fix:
```Ruby
# https://github.com/mikel/mail/pull/766
Mail::CommonField.class_eval do
  def strip_field(field_name, value)
    value
  end
end
```
Note that `strip_field` used to always return a string. Now we may be `super`ing with a range of values that we didn't design for (or test).