[SPARK-3930] [SPARK-3933] Support fixed-precision decimal in SQL, and some optimizations

- Adds optional precision and scale to Spark SQL's decimal type, which behave similarly to those in Hive 13 (https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/download/attachments/27362075/Hive_Decimal_Precision_Scale_Support.pdf)
- Replaces our internal representation of decimals with a Decimal class that can store small values in a mutable Long, saving memory in this situation and letting some operations happen directly on Longs

This is still marked WIP because there are a few TODOs, but I'll remove that tag when done.

Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>

Closes #2983 from mateiz/decimal-1 and squashes the following commits:

35e6b02 [Matei Zaharia] Fix issues after merge
227f24a [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
31f915e [Matei Zaharia] Implement Davies's suggestions in Python
eb84820 [Matei Zaharia] Support reading/writing decimals as fixed-length binary in Parquet
4dc6bae [Matei Zaharia] Fix decimal support in PySpark
d1d9d68 [Matei Zaharia] Fix compile error and test issues after rebase
b28933d [Matei Zaharia] Support decimal precision/scale in Hive metastore
2118c0d [Matei Zaharia] Some test and bug fixes
81db9cb [Matei Zaharia] Added mutable Decimal that will be more efficient for small precisions
7af0c3b [Matei Zaharia] Add optional precision and scale to DecimalType, but use Unlimited for now
ec0a947 [Matei Zaharia] Make the result of AVG on Decimals be Decimal, not Double
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into sql-udt

Conflicts:
	sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/ScalaReflection.scala
	sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/SchemaRDD.scala
	sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/SparkPlan.scala
	sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/basicOperators.scala
	sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/types/util/DataTypeConversions.scala
style edits