vfs: add i_op->dentry_open()

Add a new inode operation i_op->dentry_open().  This is for stacked filesystems
that want to return a struct file from a different filesystem.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: export do_splice_direct() to modules

Export do_splice_direct() to modules.  Needed by overlay filesystem.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: export __inode_permission() to modules

We need to be able to check inode permissions (but not filesystem implied
permissions) for stackable filesystems.  Expose this interface for overlayfs.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: dcache: Export d_ancestor to modules

With OverlayFS v22 I get the following build error when
CONFIG_OVERLAYFS_FS=m

ERROR: "d_ancestor" [fs/overlayfs/overlayfs.ko] undefined!

Fix this by adding the missing export.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: introduce clone_private_mount()

Overlayfs needs a private clone of the mount, so create a function for
this and export to modules.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: export check_sticky()

It's already duplicated in btrfs and about to be used in overlayfs too.

Move the sticky bit check to an inline helper and call the out-of-line
helper only in the unlikly case of the sticky bit being set.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: add whiteout support

Whiteout isn't actually a new file type, but is represented as a char
device (Linus's idea) with 0/0 device number.

This has several advantages compared to introducing a new whiteout file
type:

 - no userspace API changes (e.g. trivial to make backups of upper layer
   filesystem, without losing whiteouts)

 - no fs image format changes (you can boot an old kernel/fsck without
   whiteout support and things won't break)

 - implementation is trivial

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
vfs: add RENAME_WHITEOUT

This adds a new RENAME_WHITEOUT flag.  This flag makes rename() create a
whiteout of source.  The whiteout creation is atomic relative to the
rename.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
overlay filesystem

Overlayfs allows one, usually read-write, directory tree to be
overlaid onto another, read-only directory tree.  All modifications
go to the upper, writable layer.

This type of mechanism is most often used for live CDs but there's a
wide variety of other uses.

The implementation differs from other "union filesystem"
implementations in that after a file is opened all operations go
directly to the underlying, lower or upper, filesystems.  This
simplifies the implementation and allows native performance in these
cases.

The dentry tree is duplicated from the underlying filesystems, this
enables fast cached lookups without adding special support into the
VFS.  This uses slightly more memory than union mounts, but dentries
are relatively small.

Currently inodes are duplicated as well, but it is a possible
optimization to share inodes for non-directories.

Opening non directories results in the open forwarded to the
underlying filesystem.  This makes the behavior very similar to union
mounts (with the same limitations vs. fchmod/fchown on O_RDONLY file
descriptors).

Usage:

  mount -t overlayfs overlayfs -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper/upper,workdir=/upper/work /overlay

The following cotributions have been folded into this patch:

Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>:
 - minimal remount support
 - use correct seek function for directories
 - initialise is_real before use
 - rename ovl_fill_cache to ovl_dir_read

Felix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>:
 - fix a deadlock in ovl_dir_read_merged
 - fix a deadlock in ovl_remove_whiteouts

Erez Zadok <ezk@fsl.cs.sunysb.edu>
 - fix cleanup after WARN_ON

Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@googlemail.com>
 - fix up permission to confirm to new API

Robin Dong <hao.bigrat@gmail.com>
 - fix possible leak in ovl_new_inode
 - create new inode in ovl_link

Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
 - switch to __inode_permission()
 - copy up i_uid/i_gid from the underlying inode

Also thanks to the following people for testing and reporting bugs:

  Jordi Pujol <jordipujolp@gmail.com>
  Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
  Michal Suchanek <hramrach@centrum.cz>
  Felix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>
  Erez Zadok <ezk@fsl.cs.sunysb.edu>
  Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
overlayfs: add statfs support

Add support for statfs to the overlayfs filesystem.  As the upper layer
is the target of all write operations assume that the space in that
filesystem is the space in the overlayfs.  There will be some inaccuracy as
overwriting a file will copy it up and consume space we were not expecting,
but it is better than nothing.

Use the upper layer dentry and mount from the overlayfs root inode,
passing the statfs call to that filesystem.

Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
overlayfs: implement show_options

This is useful because of the stacking nature of overlayfs.  Users like to
find out (via /proc/mounts) which lower/upper directory were used at mount
time.

Signed-off-by: Erez Zadok <ezk@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
overlay: overlay filesystem documentation

Document the overlay filesystem.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
fs: limit filesystem stacking depth

Add a simple read-only counter to super_block that indicates how deep this
is in the stack of filesystems.  Previously ecryptfs was the only stackable
filesystem and it explicitly disallowed multiple layers of itself.

Overlayfs, however, can be stacked recursively and also may be stacked
on top of ecryptfs or vice versa.

To limit the kernel stack usage we must limit the depth of the
filesystem stack.  Initially the limit is set to 2.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
shmem: support RENAME_NOREPLACE

Expand noreplace_rename2() because next patch will implement one more flag.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
shmem: support RENAME_EXCHANGE

This is really simple in tmpfs since the VFS already takes care of
shuffling the dentries.  Just adjust nlink on parent directories and touch
c & mtimes.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
shmem: support RENAME_WHITEOUT

Allocate a dentry, initialize it with a whiteout and hash it in the place
of the old dentry.  Later the old dentry will be moved away and the
whiteout will remain.

I mutex protects agains concurrent readdir.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Merge remote-tracking branch 'overlayfs/overlayfs.v23'