Make sync::raw::Sem use Unsafe to manage mutability instead of transmuting an unsafe pointer
rtio: Remove unused stuct
rtio: Remove usage of `Path`

The rtio interface is a thin low-level interface over the I/O subsystems, and
the `Path` type is a little too high-level for this interface.
std: Extract librustrt out of libstd

As part of the libstd facade efforts, this commit extracts the runtime interface
out of the standard library into a standalone crate, librustrt. This crate will
provide the following services:

* Definition of the rtio interface
* Definition of the Runtime interface
* Implementation of the Task structure
* Implementation of task-local-data
* Implementation of task failure via unwinding via libunwind
* Implementation of runtime initialization and shutdown
* Implementation of thread-local-storage for the local rust Task

Notably, this crate avoids the following services:

* Thread creation and destruction. The crate does not require the knowledge of
  an OS threading system, and as a result it seemed best to leave out the
  `rt::thread` module from librustrt. The librustrt module does depend on
  mutexes, however.
* Implementation of backtraces. There is no inherent requirement for the runtime
  to be able to generate backtraces. As will be discussed later, this
  functionality continues to live in libstd rather than librustrt.

As usual, a number of architectural changes were required to make this crate
possible. Users of "stable" functionality will not be impacted by this change,
but users of the `std::rt` module will likely note the changes. A list of
architectural changes made is:

* The stdout/stderr handles no longer live directly inside of the `Task`
  structure. This is a consequence of librustrt not knowing about `std::io`.
  These two handles are now stored inside of task-local-data.

  The handles were originally stored inside of the `Task` for perf reasons, and
  TLD is not currently as fast as it could be. For comparison, 100k prints goes
  from 59ms to 68ms (a 15% slowdown). This appeared to me to be an acceptable
  perf loss for the successful extraction of a librustrt crate.

* The `rtio` module was forced to duplicate more functionality of `std::io`. As
  the module no longer depends on `std::io`, `rtio` now defines structures such
  as socket addresses, addrinfo fiddly bits, etc. The primary change made was
  that `rtio` now defines its own `IoError` type. This type is distinct from
  `std::io::IoError` in that it does not have an enum for what error occurred,
  but rather a platform-specific error code.

  The native and green libraries will be updated in later commits for this
  change, and the bulk of this effort was put behind updating the two libraries
  for this change (with `rtio`).

* Printing a message on task failure (along with the backtrace) continues to
  live in libstd, not in librustrt. This is a consequence of the above decision
  to move the stdout/stderr handles to TLD rather than inside the `Task` itself.
  The unwinding API now supports registration of global callback functions which
  will be invoked when a task fails, allowing for libstd to register a function
  to print a message and a backtrace.

  The API for registering a callback is experimental and unsafe, as the
  ramifications of running code on unwinding is pretty hairy.

* The `std::unstable::mutex` module has moved to `std::rt::mutex`.

* The `std::unstable::sync` module has been moved to `std::rt::exclusive` and
  the type has been rewritten to not internally have an Arc and to have an RAII
  guard structure when locking. Old code should stop using `Exclusive` in favor
  of the primitives in `libsync`, but if necessary, old code should port to
  `Arc<Exclusive<T>>`.

* The local heap has been stripped down to have fewer debugging options. None of
  these were tested, and none of these have been used in a very long time.

[breaking-change]
std: Deal with fallout of rtio changes
native: Deal with the rtio changes
rustuv: Deal with the rtio changes
test: Fix fallout of previous changes
libs: Fix miscellaneous fallout of librustrt
auto merge of #14638 : alexcrichton/rust/librustrt, r=brson

As part of the libstd facade efforts, this commit extracts the runtime interface
out of the standard library into a standalone crate, librustrt. This crate will
provide the following services:

* Definition of the rtio interface
* Definition of the Runtime interface
* Implementation of the Task structure
* Implementation of task-local-data
* Implementation of task failure via unwinding via libunwind
* Implementation of runtime initialization and shutdown
* Implementation of thread-local-storage for the local rust Task

Notably, this crate avoids the following services:

* Thread creation and destruction. The crate does not require the knowledge of
  an OS threading system, and as a result it seemed best to leave out the
  `rt::thread` module from librustrt. The librustrt module does depend on
  mutexes, however.
* Implementation of backtraces. There is no inherent requirement for the runtime
  to be able to generate backtraces. As will be discussed later, this
  functionality continues to live in libstd rather than librustrt.

As usual, a number of architectural changes were required to make this crate
possible. Users of "stable" functionality will not be impacted by this change,
but users of the `std::rt` module will likely note the changes. A list of
architectural changes made is:

* The stdout/stderr handles no longer live directly inside of the `Task`
  structure. This is a consequence of librustrt not knowing about `std::io`.
  These two handles are now stored inside of task-local-data.

  The handles were originally stored inside of the `Task` for perf reasons, and
  TLD is not currently as fast as it could be. For comparison, 100k prints goes
  from 59ms to 68ms (a 15% slowdown). This appeared to me to be an acceptable
  perf loss for the successful extraction of a librustrt crate.

* The `rtio` module was forced to duplicate more functionality of `std::io`. As
  the module no longer depends on `std::io`, `rtio` now defines structures such
  as socket addresses, addrinfo fiddly bits, etc. The primary change made was
  that `rtio` now defines its own `IoError` type. This type is distinct from
  `std::io::IoError` in that it does not have an enum for what error occurred,
  but rather a platform-specific error code.

  The native and green libraries will be updated in later commits for this
  change, and the bulk of this effort was put behind updating the two libraries
  for this change (with `rtio`).

* Printing a message on task failure (along with the backtrace) continues to
  live in libstd, not in librustrt. This is a consequence of the above decision
  to move the stdout/stderr handles to TLD rather than inside the `Task` itself.
  The unwinding API now supports registration of global callback functions which
  will be invoked when a task fails, allowing for libstd to register a function
  to print a message and a backtrace.

  The API for registering a callback is experimental and unsafe, as the
  ramifications of running code on unwinding is pretty hairy.

* The `std::unstable::mutex` module has moved to `std::rt::mutex`.

* The `std::unstable::sync` module has been moved to `std::rt::exclusive` and
  the type has been rewritten to not internally have an Arc and to have an RAII
  guard structure when locking. Old code should stop using `Exclusive` in favor
  of the primitives in `libsync`, but if necessary, old code should port to
  `Arc<Exclusive<T>>`.

* The local heap has been stripped down to have fewer debugging options. None of
  these were tested, and none of these have been used in a very long time.
auto merge of #14708 : gereeter/rust/faster-sem, r=alexcrichton

Currently, `Sem`, which is used as a building block for all the blocking primitives, uses a very ugly hack to implement `Share` and be able to mutate the stored `WaitQueue` by hiding it all behind a `transmute`d `*()`. This PR replaces all that ugly machinery with `Unsafe`. Beyond being cleaner and not requiring `transmute`, this removes an allocation in the creation and removes an indirection for access.
Mention the specific kind of use in borrowck test function names

Some of the borrowck field-sensitivity test functions have 'use' in
their name, but they don't refer to the specific kind of use (whether a
copy or a deref). It would be better if the name more precisely
reflected what the function is testing.
Make borrowck test functions better match their names

A number of borrowck field-sensitivity tests perform more moves and
copies than their naming scheme would indicate. This is only necessary
for borrowed pointers (to ensure that the borrowws stay alive in the
near future when borrow liveness is tracked), but all other test
functions should be changed to match their name more closely.
Add more borrowck tests for functional update moves

Add more borrowck field-sensitivity tests for functional update moves.
This makes the collection of test functions more combinatorially
exhaustive.
Fix bad borrowck tests and move them from run-pass to compile-fail

The move_after_borrow / fu_move_after_borrow tests in
run-pass/borrowck-field-sensitivity.rs are not testing the right thing,
since the scope of the borrow is limited to the call to borrow(). When
fixed, these tests fail and thus should be moved to the corresponding
compile-fail test file.
Clean up borrows in borrowck field-sensitivity tests

Instead of calling a borrow() function that takes a pointer type, just
create a local pointer and dereference it. The dereference is there to
outsmart any future liveness analysis in borrowck.
Implement Show for DList
Implement ToSource and ToToken for ast::Arg

This makes ast::Arg usable in the quote_ macros.

Please note that this commit doesn't include a regression test. There
are tests that use the quote macros, but all of them are ignored. Due to
that, there is no obvious (to me) way to test this.

Since this change is absolutely trivial and only hooks up an additional
type to existing infrastructure (which presumably is tested elsewhere),
I concluded it's not worth the effort to follow up on this.
auto merge of #14717 : zwarich/rust/borrowck-tests, r=cmr

After sitting down to build on the work merged in #14318, I realized that some of the test names were not clear, others probably weren't testing the right thing, and they were also not as exhaustive as they could have been.
relicense shootout-regex-dna.rs

Part of #14248

The authors are @pcwalton and @BurntSushi, and we have their agreement.