Make configure script respect (and save) values for `CC`, `CXX`, `CFLAGS...

...`, etc.

I mostly tried to remain backwards compatible with old invocations of
the `configure` script; if you do not want to use `CC` et al., you
should not have to; you can keep using `--enable-clang` and/or
`--enable-ccache`.

The overall intention is to capture the following precedences for
guessing the C compiler:

 1. Value of `CC` at make invocation time.
 2. Value of `CC` at configure invocation time.
 3. Compiler inferred at configure invocation time (`gcc` or `clang`).

The strategy is to check (at `configure` time) if each of the
environment variables is set, and if so, save its value in a
corresponding `CFG_` variable (e.g. `CFG_CC`).

The `configure` script also does not attempt to infer the compiler if
`CC` is set; but if `--enable-clang` was passed, then it *does* still
attempt to validate that the clang version is compatible.

Then, in the makefiles, if `CC` is not set but `CFG_CC` is, then we
use the `CFG_CC` setting as `CC`.

Fix #13805.