Add penalties, problem of delegation to whitepaper

Change document formatting style
replace \space with ~
Rename Introduction - Nontechnical to Introduction
Rename Introduction - Technical to Overview
Add penalties to the Concensus Blockchains section
Add penalties to Proof of Access  section
Discuss problem of delegation
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia
Fixed newcommand whitespace issues
grammar and concept reorganization
discuss dishonest blockchains
addressed PR comments
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia into rsc
Add longhair, library for Reed-Solomon coding
Attempting to build longhair into the go package

to build using gcc call:
gcc bridge.c -Llonghair/bin/liblonghair.a longhair/BitMath.o
longhair/MemSwap.o longhair/MemXOR.o longhair/cauchy_256.o -lstdc++
forgot to commit constants file
tentative and untested: EncodeRing is complete
spelling in comments, memory is managed correctly
switched longhair to a Siacoin fork
Merge pull request #46 from DavidVorick/master

Whitespace, penalties, dishonest blockchains
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia into rsc
remove onepage.tex from makefile
updates to longhair
Added an encode function for Reed-Solomon coding

It also gets tested. Unfortunately, gcc weirds out a bit when running
`make test`, so the cflags uses an absolute path instead of a relative
path. I'm looking for a fix.