Bring the missing parameters back.
Simplify the code in schema cache

The use of default procs was unnessecary, made the code confusing to
follow, and made marshalling needlessly complex.
use Proc.new to automatically do parameter checking for us
Merge pull request #15261 from hbin/missing_parameters

Bring the missing parameters back.
update docs to include html id for select_tag
Merge pull request #15277 from sgrif/sg-schema-cache-refactor

Simplify the code in schema cache
Merge pull request #15283 from oismail91/improve_doc_for_select_tag

update select_tag docs for customizing id
Add a public API to allow users to specify column types

As a result of all of the refactoring that's been done, it's now
possible for us to define a public API to allow users to specify
behavior. This is an initial implementation so that I can work off of it
in smaller pieces for additional features/refactorings.

The current behavior will continue to stay the same, though I'd like to
refactor towards the automatic schema detection being built off of this
API, and add the ability to opt out of automatic schema detection.

Use cases:

- We can deprecate a lot of the edge cases around types, now that there
  is an alternate path for users who wish to maintain the same behavior.
- I intend to refactor serialized columns to be built on top of this
  API.
- Gem and library maintainers are able to interact with `ActiveRecord`
  at a slightly lower level in a more stable way.
- Interesting ability to reverse the work flow of adding to the schema.
  Model can become the single source of truth for the structure. We can
  compare that to what the database says the schema is, diff them, and
  generate a migration.