Fixed serialization for records with an attribute named `format`.

* * *

This bug can be triggered when serializing record R (the instance) of type C
(the class), provided that the following conditions are met:

1. The name of one or more columns/attributes on C/R matches an existing private
   method on C (e.g. those defined by `Kernel`, such as `format`).

2. The attribute methods have not yet been generated on C.

In this case, the matching private methods will be called by the serialization
code (with no arguments) and their return values will be serialized instead. If
the method requires one or more arguments, it will result in an `ArgumentError`.

This regression is introduced in d1316bb.

* * *

Attribute methods (e.g. `#name` and `#format`, assuming the class has columns
named `name` and `format` in its database table) are lazily defined. Instead of
defining them when a the class is defined (e.g. in the `inherited` hook on
`ActiveRecord::Base`), this operation is deferred until they are first accessed.

The reason behind this is that is defining those methods requires knowing what
columns are defined on the database table, which usually requires a round-trip
to the database. Deferring their definition until the last-possible moment helps
reducing unnessary work, especially in development mode where classes are
redefined and throw away between requests.

Typically, when an attribute is first accessed (e.g. `a_book.format`), it will
fire the `method_missing` hook on the class, which triggers the definition of
the attribute methods. This even works for methods like `format`, because
calling a private method with an explicit receiver will also trigger that hook.

Unfortunately, `read_attribute_for_serialization` is simply an alias to `send`,
which does not respect method visibility. As a result, when serializing a record
with those conflicting attributes, the `method_missing` is not fired, and as a
result the attribute methods are not defined one would expected.

Before d1316bb, this is negated by the fact that calling the `run_callbacks`
method will also trigger a call to `respond_to?`, which is another trigger point
for the class to define its attribute methods. Therefore, when Active Record
tries to run the `after_find` callbacks, it will also define all the attribute
methods thus masking the problem.

* * *

The proper fix for this problem is probably to restrict `read_attribute_for_serialization`
to call public methods only (i.e. alias `read_attribute_for_serialization` to
`public_send` instead of `send`). This however would be quite risky to change
in a patch release and would probably require a full deprecation cycle.

Another approach would be to override `read_attribute_for_serialization` inside
Active Record to force the definition of attribute methods:

   def read_attribute_for_serialization(attribute)
     self.class.define_attribute_methods
     send(attribute)
   end

Unfortunately, this is quite likely going to cause a performance degradation.

This patch therefore restores the behaviour from the 4-0-stable branch by
explicitly forcing the class to define its attribute methods in a similar spot
(when records are initialized). This should not cause any extra roundtrips to
the database because the `@columns` should already be cached on the class.

Fixes #15188.
Avoid slowing down AR object initialization

2d73f5a forces AR to enter the `define_attribute_methods` method whenever it
instantiate a record from the `init_with` entry point. This is a potential
performance hotspot, because `init_with` is called from all `find*` family
methods, and `define_attribute_methods` is slow because it tries to acquire
a lock on the mutex everytime it is entered.

By using [DCL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-checked_locking), we can
avoid grabbing the lock most of the time when the attribute methods are already
defined (the common case). This is made possible by the fact that reading an
instance variable is an atomic operation in Ruby.

Credit goes to Aaron Patterson for pointing me to DCL and filling me in on the
atomicity guarantees in Ruby.

[*Godfrey Chan*, *Aaron Patterson*]
use symbol keys for path_parameters
just return path parameters
pass the instantiated request to the find_routes method
stop using PARAMETERS_KEY, and use the accessor on the request object

this decouples our code from the env hash a bit.
resolved reorder issue in rails active record guide
Merge pull request #15251 from peeyushsingla/master

Reorder query in active record query of rails guide [ci skip]
Bring the missing parameters back.
Added force_reload to Auto-generated methods doc

Should make it a little easier to find the information. Also added note to look below for the definition of the generated methods.
Merge pull request #15240 from chancancode/fix_attribute_methods

Fixed serialization for records with an attribute named `format`.
Remove warning remeving the method before redefining

We need to test if the same method defined more than once only register
one subscriber for it. We can safelly remove because the method body is
the same and Subscriber use method_added hook for register the
subscriber.
Remove AD::Journey::Formatter#verify_required_parts!

Nobody uses this private method, maybe it is a leftover from some old
refactoring. Let's delete it.
add test cases for negative position in Array#from
Remove duplicated setup in test
Simplify the code in schema cache

The use of default procs was unnessecary, made the code confusing to
follow, and made marshalling needlessly complex.
revert 96525d63
`Array#to` is working for negative position
Move parsing of PG sql strings for defaults out of column
Inline type cast method for PG points
use the request object since we have it

stop hardcoding hash keys and use the accessors provided on the request
object.