Raft: log storage interface and multinode integration

This branch introduces a pluggable interface for on-disk storage of logs, and brings MultiNode up to date with some upstream changes in the Node interface (the new Advance method). It's still something of a work in progress, but the next step is to implement this interface in cockroach to make sure it meets our needs before pushing it back upstream.

@spencerkimball @cockroachdb/developers 
Given the change to a possibly error-capable storage implementation I think we need to just bite the bullet and modify these previously-unerrorable functions to return errors. Perhaps you are already planning that with the TODO...