rustc: Disable rpath settings by default

This commit disables rustc's emission of rpath attributes into dynamic libraries
and executables by default. The functionality is still preserved, but it must
now be manually enabled via a `-C rpath` flag.

This involved a few changes to the local build system:

* --disable-rpath is now the default configure option
* Makefiles now prefer our own LD_LIBRARY_PATH over the user's LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  in order to support building rust with rust already installed.
* The compiletest program was taught to correctly pass through the aux dir as a
  component of LD_LIBRARY_PATH in more situations.

The major impact of this change is that neither rustdoc nor rustc will work
out-of-the-box in all situations because they are dynamically linked. It must be
arranged to ensure that the libraries of a rust installation are part of the
LD_LIBRARY_PATH. The default installation paths for all platforms ensure this,
but if an installation is in a nonstandard location, then configuration may be
necessary.

Additionally, for all developers of rustc, it will no longer be possible to run
$target/stageN/bin/rustc out-of-the-box. The old behavior can be regained
through the `--enable-rpath` option to the configure script.

This change brings linux/mac installations in line with windows installations
where rpath is not possible.

Closes #11747
[breaking-change]
liburl: rename and move from_str to Url::parse_str.

url::from_str => url::Url::parse_str

The FromStr trait still works, but its confusing to have a from_str
free function that retuns a Result, while the regular from_str
returns an Option, hence the rename.

[breaking-change]
liburl: rename and move path_from_str to Path::parse_str.

url::path_from_str => url::Path::parse_str

The FromStr trait still works, but its confusing to have a path_from_str
free function that retuns a Result, while the regular from_str style
functions return an Option, hence the rename to indicate a Result.

[breaking-change]
liburl: remove redundant fields in Url.

url.path - Now a Path instead of a String.

To fix old code:
url.path => url.path.path
url.query => url.path.query
url.fragment => url.path.fragment

Not much point having the Path struct if it's not going to be used.

[breaking-change]
liburl: Simplify encoding/decoding using iterators.
liburl: Remove some unnecessary allocations.

Some signatures have changed from String to &str returns.

To fix, call to_string() on the returned value.

[breaking-change]
liburl: cosmetic test changes.
liburl: Generic input for {en,de}code.
librustc: Apply null pointer optimization to slices, closures and trait
objects.
librustc: Remove match arm since we don't allow enum to float casts.
Removed unnecessary method in test
Parser: fix PatIdent span bug

Fix small bug introduced in e38cb972dcf: PatIdent span was incorrect
because self.last_span was being used before the ident token was
parsed.
vim: set Rust tab conventions
rustc: Reorder error and note message to reduce confusion.

Moved note after error to reduce confusion when the pair appears in the
middle of other errors. Closes #13279.
librustc: Don't create &[T] slices with NULL as the ptr.
Add tests for null pointer opt.
Remove entry_bcx from FunctionContext

We no longer need to refer to the entry block from arbitrary places, so
we can drop it from FunctionContext.
librustc: Accept type aliases for structures in structure literals and
structure patterns.

Closes #4508.
move lifetime suggestion note to after the error

Closes #15433.
librustc: Make sure to run destructors in the right order when matching on moved value.