Small refactor on VectorizerHint for deduplication

Previously, the hint mechanism relied on clean up passes to remove redundant
metadata, which still showed up if running opt at low levels of optimization.
That also has shown that multiple nodes of the same type, but with different
values could still coexist, even if temporary, and cause confusion if the
next pass got the wrong value.

This patch makes sure that, if metadata already exists in a loop, the hint
mechanism will never append a new node, but always replace the existing one.
It also enhances the algorithm to cope with more metadata types in the future
by just adding a new type, not a lot of code.

Re-applying again due to MSVC 2013 being minimum requirement, and this patch
having C++11 that MSVC 2012 didn't support.

Fixes PR20655.