Faster and simplified threat eval

Add a bonus according if the attacking
pieces are minor or major.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 13142 W: 2625 L: 2483 D: 8034

And long TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 18059 W: 3031 L: 2844 D: 12184

bench: 7425809
Increase pawn king attack weight

Tighter lower bound for pawn attacks so to
activate king safety in some cases like here:

6k1/2B3p1/2Pp1p2/2nPp3/2Q1P2K/P2n1qP1/R6P/1R6 w

Original patch by Chris, further simplified by
Jörg Oster.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 30171 W: 5887 L: 5700 D: 18584

And long TC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 20706 W: 3402 L: 3204 D: 14100

bench: 7607562
Loosened trigger condition for king safety

Reduce eval discontinuity becuase now we kick in
king safety evaluation in many more cases.

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 8708 W: 1742 L: 1613 D: 5353

And long TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 6743 W: 1122 L: 990 D: 4631

bench: 6835416
Bonus for file distance of the outermost pawns

In endgame it's better to have pawns on both wings.
So give a bonus according to file distance between left
and right outermost pawns.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 39073 W: 7749 L: 7536 D: 23788

And long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 6149 W: 1040 L: 910 D: 4199

bench: 7665034
Further simplify previous patch

Use a single XOR instead of NEGATE + AND

No functional change.
Fine tune previous patch

Passed short TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 18331 W: 3608 L: 3453 D: 11270

And scored above 50% on a very long test in long TC
LLR: -2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 51533 W: 8181 L: 8047 D: 35305

bench: 7335588
Retire MoveImportance[]

Use a skew-logistic function to replace the
MoveImportance[] array.

Verified it does not regress at fixed number
of games both at short TC:
LLR: -2.91 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 39457 W: 7539 L: 7538 D: 24380

And long TC:
ELO: -0.49 +-1.9 (95%) LOS: 31.0%
Total: 39358 W: 6135 L: 6190 D: 27033

bench: 7335588
Retire asymmThreshold

Verified with 40K games at long TC does not regress:
ELO: 1.74 +-1.9 (95%) LOS: 96.2%
Total: 39624 W: 6402 L: 6203 D: 27019

bench: 7762310
Remove asymmThreshold stale comment

No functional change.
Retire KingExposed[] array

And merge its values into KPSQT table.

Passed blazingly fast both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 5348 W: 1091 L: 971 D: 3286

And long TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 3029 W: 530 L: 415 D: 2084

bench: 8702197
Remove bishop pin bonus

Shows no regression at LTC after 20K games:

ELO: 0.03 +-2.7 (95%) LOS: 51.0%
Total: 20608 W: 3252 L: 3250 D: 14106

bench: 7516178
Rename pawn chain to connected

The flag raises also in case of a pawn duo, i.e.
when we have two adjacent pawns on the same rank,
and not only in case of a chain, i.e. when the two
pawns are on a diagonal line.

See this for a reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_pawns

Renaming suggested by Ralph.

No functional change.
Simplify move_importance()

Drop a useless parameter. This works because ratio1 and ratio2
are ratios of linear combinations of thisMoveImportance and
otherMovesImportance and so the yscale cancels out.

Therefore the values of ratio1 and ratio2 are independent
of yscale and yscale can be retired.

The same applies to yshift, but here we want to ensure
move_importance() > 0, so directly hard-code this safety
guard in function definition.

Actually there are some small differences due to rounding errors
and usually are at most few millisecond, that's means below 1% of
returned time, apart from very short intervals in which a difference
of just 1 msec can raise to 2-3% of total available time.

No functional change.
Further simplify move_importance()

Function move_importance() is already always
positive, so we don't need to add a constant
term to ensure it.

Becuase move_importance() is used to calculate
ratios of a linear combination (as explained in
previous patch), result is not affected. I have
also verified it directly.

No functional change.
Simplify move_importance(): take 3

Use pow() of a negative number instead of 1/x

No functional change.
Update copyright year

No functional change.
Scale eval when down to only one pawn

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 11921 W: 2346 L: 2208 D: 7367

And long TC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 21002 W: 3395 L: 3197 D: 14410

bench: 7602383
Ensure move_importance() is non-zero

In case ply is very high, function will round
to zero (although mathematically it is always
bigger than zero). On my system this happens at
movenumber 6661.

Although 6661 moves in a game is, of course,
probably impossible, for safety and to be locally
consistent makes sense to ensure returned value
is positive.

Non functional change.
Merge branch 'master' into game_phase