test: Add some tests for closed issues

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auto merge of #12738 : alexcrichton/rust/needstest, r=brson,just

Closes #6738
Closes #7061
Closes #7899
Closes #9719
Closes #10028
Closes #10228
Closes #10401
Closes #11192
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Closes #11529
Closes #11873
Closes #11925