liburl: rename and move from_str to Url::parse_str.

url::from_str => url::Url::parse_str

The FromStr trait still works, but its confusing to have a from_str
free function that retuns a Result, while the regular from_str
returns an Option, hence the rename.

[breaking-change]
liburl: rename and move path_from_str to Path::parse_str.

url::path_from_str => url::Path::parse_str

The FromStr trait still works, but its confusing to have a path_from_str
free function that retuns a Result, while the regular from_str style
functions return an Option, hence the rename to indicate a Result.

[breaking-change]
liburl: remove redundant fields in Url.

url.path - Now a Path instead of a String.

To fix old code:
url.path => url.path.path
url.query => url.path.query
url.fragment => url.path.fragment

Not much point having the Path struct if it's not going to be used.

[breaking-change]
liburl: Simplify encoding/decoding using iterators.
liburl: Remove some unnecessary allocations.

Some signatures have changed from String to &str returns.

To fix, call to_string() on the returned value.

[breaking-change]
liburl: cosmetic test changes.
liburl: Generic input for {en,de}code.
Remove entry_bcx from FunctionContext

We no longer need to refer to the entry block from arbitrary places, so
we can drop it from FunctionContext.
move lifetime suggestion note to after the error

Closes #15433.
Added num::Signed implementation to Ratio (squashed)
rustc: Remove CrateId and all related support

This commit removes all support in the compiler for the #[crate_id] attribute
and all of its derivative infrastructure. A list of the functionality removed is:

* The #[crate_id] attribute no longer exists
* There is no longer the concept of a version of a crate
* Version numbers are no longer appended to symbol names
* The --crate-id command line option has been removed

To migrate forward, rename #[crate_id] to #[crate_name] and only the name of the
crate itself should be mentioned. The version/path of the old crate id should be
removed.

For a transitionary state, the #[crate_id] attribute is still accepted if
the #[crate_name] is not present, but it is warned about if it is the only
identifier present.

RFC: 0035-remove-crate-id
[breaking-change]
rustc: Add a new codegen flag, -C metadata=foo

This metadata is used to drive the hash of all symbols in a crate. The flag can
be specified a multiple number of times

RFC: 0035-remove-crate-id
rustc: Modify crate loading to ignore versions

This commit modifies crate loading to purely work off a `crate_name` and nothing
else. This commit also changes the patterns recognized from `lib<foo>-*` to
`lib<foo>*` to accomodate the future renamings of output files.

RFC: 0035-remove-crate-id
Add #[crate_name] attributes as necessary
rustc: Stop putting hashes in filenames by default

The compiler will no longer insert a hash or version into a filename by default.
Instead, all output is simply based off the crate name being compiled. For
example, a crate name of `foo` would produce the following outputs:

* bin => foo
* rlib => libfoo.rlib
* dylib => libfoo.{so,dylib} or foo.dll
* staticlib => libfoo.a

The old behavior has been moved behind a new codegen flag,
`-C extra-filename=<hash>`. For example, with the "extra filename" of `bar` and
a crate name of `foo`, the following outputs would be generated:

* bin => foo (same old behavior)
* rlib => libfoobar.rlib
* dylib => libfoobar.{so,dylib} or foobar.dll
* staticlib => libfoobar.a

The makefiles have been altered to pass a hash by default to invocations of
`rustc` so all installed rust libraries will have a hash in their filename. This
is done because the standard libraries are intended to be installed into
privileged directories such as /usr/local. Additionally, it involves very few
build system changes!

RFC: 0035-remove-crate-id
[breaking-change]
rustc: Add a flag for specifying dependencies

This comit implements a new flag, --extern, which is used to specify where a
crate is located. The purpose of this flag is to bypass the normal crate
loading/matching of the compiler to point it directly at the right file.

This flag takes the form `--extern foo=bar` where `foo` is the name of a crate
and `bar` is the location at which to find the crate. Multiple `--extern`
directives are allowed with the same crate name to specify the rlib/dylib pair
for a crate. It is invalid to specify more than one rlib or more than one dylib,
and it's required that the crates are valid rust crates.

I have also added some extensive documentation to metadata::loader about how
crate loading should work.

RFC: 0035-remove-crate-id
test: Fix tests for crate_id removal

This involved removing some tests whose functionality was removed such as many
of the crateresolve tests
rustc: Repurpose the --crate-name CLI flag

In a cargo-driven world the primary location for the name of a crate will be in
its manifest, not in the source file itself. The purpose of this flag is to
reduce required duplication for new cargo projects.

This is a breaking change because the existing --crate-name flag actually
printed the crate name. This flag was renamed to --print-crate-name, and to
maintain consistence, the --crate-file-name flag was renamed to
--print-file-name.

To maintain backwards compatibility, the --crate-file-name flag is still
recognized, but it is deprecated.

[breaking-change]
Test fixes and rebase conflicts
rustc: Default #[crate_name] on input, not output