std: Make std::comm return types consistent

There are currently a number of return values from the std::comm methods, not
all of which are necessarily completely expressive:

  Sender::try_send(t: T) -> bool
    This method currently doesn't transmit back the data `t` if the send fails
    due to the other end having disconnected. Additionally, this shares the name
    of the synchronous try_send method, but it differs in semantics in that it
    only has one failure case, not two (the buffer can never be full).

  SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> TrySendResult<T>
    This method accurately conveys all possible information, but it uses a
    custom type to the std::comm module with no convenience methods on it.
    Additionally, if you want to inspect the result you're forced to import
    something from `std::comm`.

  SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Option<T>
    This method uses Some(T) as an "error value" and None as a "success value",
    but almost all other uses of Option<T> have Some/None the other way

  Receiver::try_recv(t: T) -> TryRecvResult<T>
    Similarly to the synchronous try_send, this custom return type is lacking in
    terms of usability (no convenience methods).

With this number of drawbacks in mind, I believed it was time to re-work the
return types of these methods. The new API for the comm module is:

  Sender::send(t: T) -> ()
  Sender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
  SyncSender::send(t: T) -> ()
  SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
  SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> Result<(), TrySendError<T>>
  Receiver::recv() -> T
  Receiver::recv_opt() -> Result<T, ()>
  Receiver::try_recv() -> Result<T, TryRecvError>

The notable changes made are:

* Sender::try_send => Sender::send_opt. This renaming brings the semantics in
  line with the SyncSender::send_opt method. An asychronous send only has one
  failure case, unlike the synchronous try_send method which has two failure
  cases (full/disconnected).

* Sender::send_opt returns the data back to the caller if the send is guaranteed
  to fail. This method previously returned `bool`, but then it was unable to
  retrieve the data if the data was guaranteed to fail to send. There is still a
  race such that when `Ok(())` is returned the data could still fail to be
  received, but that's inherent to an asynchronous channel.

* Result is now the basis of all return values. This not only adds lots of
  convenience methods to all return values for free, but it also means that you
  can inspect the return values with no extra imports (Ok/Err are in the
  prelude). Additionally, it's now self documenting when something failed or not
  because the return value has "Err" in the name.

Things I'm a little uneasy about:

* The methods send_opt and recv_opt are not returning options, but rather
  results. I felt more strongly that Option was the wrong return type than the
  _opt prefix was wrong, and I coudn't think of a much better name for these
  methods. One possible way to think about them is to read the _opt suffix as
  "optionally".

* Result<T, ()> is often better expressed as Option<T>. This is only applicable
  to the recv_opt() method, but I thought it would be more consistent for
  everything to return Result rather than one method returning an Option.

Despite my two reasons to feel uneasy, I feel much better about the consistency
in return values at this point, and I think the only real open question is if
there's a better suffix for {send,recv}_opt.

Closes #11527
liblog doc: Fix apparent search-and-replace errors
syntax: remove ast::Sigil.
rustdoc: fix fallout from removing ast::Sigil.
rustc: fix fallout from removing ast::Sigil and use ty::TraitStore in ty::ClosureTy.
rustc: remove proc -> once || coercions.
rustc: remove the last mentions of @fn.
mk: Fix rpath on cross compile builds

After removing absolute rpaths, cross compile builds (notably the nightly
builders) broke. This is because the RPATH was pointing at an empty directory
because only the rustc binary is copied over, not all of the target libraries.
This modifies the cross compile logic to fixup the rpath of the stage0
cross-compiled rustc to point to where it came from.
rustc: Deterministically link upstream C libraries

Previously, upstream C libraries were linked in a nondeterministic fashion
because they were collected through iter_crate_data() which is a nodeterministic
traversal of a hash map. When upstream rlibs had interdependencies among their
native libraries (such as libfoo depending on libc), then the ordering would
occasionally be wrong, causing linkage to fail.

This uses the topologically sorted list of libraries to collect native
libraries, so if a native library depends on libc it just needs to make sure
that the rust crate depends on liblibc.
std: Fix iteration over vectors of 0-size values

Previously, all slices derived from a vector whose values were of size 0 had a
null pointer as the 'data' pointer on the slice. This caused first pointer to be
yielded during iteration to always be the null pointer. Due to the null pointer
optimization, this meant that the first return value was None, instead of
Some(&T).

This commit changes slice construction from a Vec instance to use a base pointer
of 1 if the values have zero size. This means that the iterator will never
return null, and the iteration will proceed appropriately.

Closes #13467
doc: Un-ignore lots of guide-ffi tests

Using some strategically-placed `#` markers most of the examples are testable
(and their contents are nontrivial).

Closes #13445
auto merge of #13448 : alexcrichton/rust/rework-chan-return-values, r=brson

There are currently a number of return values from the std::comm methods, not
all of which are necessarily completely expressive:

 * `Sender::try_send(t: T) -> bool`
    This method currently doesn't transmit back the data `t` if the send fails
    due to the other end having disconnected. Additionally, this shares the name
    of the synchronous try_send method, but it differs in semantics in that it
    only has one failure case, not two (the buffer can never be full).

 * `SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> TrySendResult<T>`
    This method accurately conveys all possible information, but it uses a
    custom type to the std::comm module with no convenience methods on it.
    Additionally, if you want to inspect the result you're forced to import
    something from `std::comm`.

 * `SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Option<T>`
    This method uses Some(T) as an "error value" and None as a "success value",
    but almost all other uses of Option<T> have Some/None the other way

 * `Receiver::try_recv(t: T) -> TryRecvResult<T>`
    Similarly to the synchronous try_send, this custom return type is lacking in
    terms of usability (no convenience methods).

With this number of drawbacks in mind, I believed it was time to re-work the
return types of these methods. The new API for the comm module is:

    Sender::send(t: T) -> ()
    Sender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
    SyncSender::send(t: T) -> ()
    SyncSender::send_opt(t: T) -> Result<(), T>
    SyncSender::try_send(t: T) -> Result<(), TrySendError<T>>
    Receiver::recv() -> T
    Receiver::recv_opt() -> Result<T, ()>
    Receiver::try_recv() -> Result<T, TryRecvError>

The notable changes made are:

* Sender::try_send => Sender::send_opt. This renaming brings the semantics in
  line with the SyncSender::send_opt method. An asychronous send only has one
  failure case, unlike the synchronous try_send method which has two failure
  cases (full/disconnected).

* Sender::send_opt returns the data back to the caller if the send is guaranteed
  to fail. This method previously returned `bool`, but then it was unable to
  retrieve the data if the data was guaranteed to fail to send. There is still a
  race such that when `Ok(())` is returned the data could still fail to be
  received, but that's inherent to an asynchronous channel.

* Result is now the basis of all return values. This not only adds lots of
  convenience methods to all return values for free, but it also means that you
  can inspect the return values with no extra imports (Ok/Err are in the
  prelude). Additionally, it's now self documenting when something failed or not
  because the return value has "Err" in the name.

Things I'm a little uneasy about:

* The methods send_opt and recv_opt are not returning options, but rather
  results. I felt more strongly that Option was the wrong return type than the
  _opt prefix was wrong, and I coudn't think of a much better name for these
  methods. One possible way to think about them is to read the _opt suffix as
  "optionally".

* Result<T, ()> is often better expressed as Option<T>. This is only applicable
  to the recv_opt() method, but I thought it would be more consistent for
  everything to return Result rather than one method returning an Option.

Despite my two reasons to feel uneasy, I feel much better about the consistency
in return values at this point, and I think the only real open question is if
there's a better suffix for {send,recv}_opt.

Closes #11527
native: Remove timerfd implementation on linux

Rust advertises itself as being compatible with linux 2.6.18, but the timerfd
set of syscalls weren't added until linux 2.6.25. There is no real need for a
specialized timer implementation beyond being a "little more accurate", but the
select() implementation will suffice for now.

If it is later deemed that an accurate timerfd implementation is needed, it can
be added then through some method which will allow the standard distribution to
continue to be compatible with 2.6.18

Closes #13447
auto merge of #13459 : alexcrichton/rust/stop-ignoring-ffi, r=sfackler

Using some strategically-placed `#` markers most of the examples are testable
(and their contents are nontrivial).

Closes #13445
auto merge of #13455 : alexcrichton/rust/jettison-timerfd, r=brson

Rust advertises itself as being compatible with linux 2.6.18, but the timerfd
set of syscalls weren't added until linux 2.6.25. There is no real need for a
specialized timer implementation beyond being a "little more accurate", but the
select() implementation will suffice for now.

If it is later deemed that an accurate timerfd implementation is needed, it can
be added then through some method which will allow the standard distribution to
continue to be compatible with 2.6.18

Closes #13447
auto merge of #13460 : SimonSapin/rust/patch-9, r=alexcrichton
auto merge of #13461 : eddyb/rust/cleanup-at-fn, r=luqmana
auto merge of #13462 : alexcrichton/rust/fix-cross-rpath, r=brson

After removing absolute rpaths, cross compile builds (notably the nightly
builders) broke. This is because the RPATH was pointing at an empty directory
because only the rustc binary is copied over, not all of the target libraries.
This modifies the cross compile logic to fixup the rpath of the stage0
cross-compiled rustc to point to where it came from.
auto merge of #13463 : alexcrichton/rust/c-linkage-oh-my, r=brson

Previously, upstream C libraries were linked in a nondeterministic fashion
because they were collected through iter_crate_data() which is a nodeterministic
traversal of a hash map. When upstream rlibs had interdependencies among their
native libraries (such as libfoo depending on libc), then the ordering would
occasionally be wrong, causing linkage to fail.

This uses the topologically sorted list of libraries to collect native
libraries, so if a native library depends on libc it just needs to make sure
that the rust crate depends on liblibc.
auto merge of #13468 : alexcrichton/rust/issue-13467, r=thestinger

Previously, all slices derived from a vector whose values were of size 0 had a
null pointer as the 'data' pointer on the slice. This caused first pointer to be
yielded during iteration to always be the null pointer. Due to the null pointer
optimization, this meant that the first return value was None, instead of
Some(&T).

This commit changes slice construction from a Vec instance to use a base pointer
of 1 if the values have zero size. This means that the iterator will never
return null, and the iteration will proceed appropriately.

Closes #13467