rados: Parse command-line arguments strictly

Many integers were parsed with functions that silently ignored junk at
the end of the string.  Extra characters now cause errors.

Fixes: 8983
Signed-off-by: Adam Crume <adamcrume@gmail.com>
I saw strict_strtol and strict_strtoll, but my versions tell the user which option has the invalid value.  I didn't notice strict_sistrtoll; I guess I could implement rados_strtol and rados_strtoll on top of it (and maybe rename them).