doc: Add "A 30-minute Introduction to Rust"

By Steve Klabnik.
doc: Edit intro
doc: Address feedback about intro
auto merge of #13416 : brson/rust/30min, r=alexcrichton

This is intended to be the first thing somebody new to the language reads about Rust. It is supposed to be simple and intriguing, to give the user an idea of whether Rust is appropriate for them, and to hint that there's a lot of cool stuff to learn if they just keep diving deeper.

I'm particularly happy with the sequence of concurrency examples.