gdb/source.c: Fix matching path substitute rule listing

The check for the source (or "from") directory snippet in listing
matching path substitution rules currently will not match anything
other than a direct match of the "from" field in a substitution rule,
resulting in the incorrect behavior below:

...
(gdb) set substitute-path /a/path /another/path
(gdb) show substitute-path
List of all source path substitution rules:
  `/a/path' -> `/another/path'.
(gdb) show substitute-path /a/path/to/a/file.ext
Source path substitution rule matching `/a/path/to/a/file.ext':
(gdb) show substitute-path /a/path
Source path substitution rule matching `/a/path':
  `/a/path' -> `/another/path'.
...

This change effects the following behavior by (sanely) checking
with the length of the "from" portion of a rule and ensuring that
the next character of the path considered for substitution is a path
delimiter (or NULL). With this change, the following behavior is
garnered:
...
(gdb) set substitute-path /a/path /another/path
(gdb) show substitute-path
List of all source path substitution rules:
  `/a/path' -> `/another/path'.
(gdb) show substitute-path /a/path/to/a/file.ext
Source path substitution rule matching `/a/path/to/a/file.ext':
  `/a/path' -> `/another/path'.
(gdb) show substitute-path /a/pathological/case/that/should/fail.err
Source path substitution rule matching `/a/pathological/case/that/should/fail.err':
(gdb)

Also included is a couple of tests added to subst.exp to verify
this behavior in the test suite.

gdb/ChangeLog:

        * source.c (show_substitute_path_command): Fix display of matching
        substitution rules.

gdb/testsuite/ChangeLog:

        * gdb.ada/subst.exp: Add tests to verify partial path matching
        output.

This was tested on x86_64 Linux.