Do not derive __gnu_cxx::hash<T> from std::hash<T>.

Instead, define explicit specializations for the basic types listed in
the SGI documentation. This solves two problems:

 1) Helps avoid silent ODR violations caused by the absence of a
    user-supplied __gnu_cxx::hash specialization in cases where a std::hash
    specialization exists (e.g. for std::string).

 2) __gnu_cxx::hash semantics are slightly different to those of
    std::hash (for example, the former may dereference a pointer argument)
    so it is inappropriate for __gnu_cxx::hash to receive std::hash
    specializations by default.

Differential Revision: http://llvm-reviews.chandlerc.com/D2747