Attribute API 2

**NOTE:** This RFC is incomplete, the specification of the new feature is TBD.

This RFC describes a new attributes API to be added alongside the current one. The goals of this new API are:

* Separate desired and observed state.
* Structure the syntax in a way that "trainwreck" errors
  (`NoMethodError` for `[]` on `nil`) can be avoided.
* Structure the syntax in a way that attribute tracing can be
  implemented simply.
* Separate node-specific persistent storage from
  cookbook/role/environment attributes.
* Structure the syntax in a way that can be implemented efficiently.

This RFC is adapted from https://github.com/opscode/chef-rfc/pull/9 which is retracted.
Here's what it would look like: https://gist.github.com/danielsdeleo/fe88a8b397d6fd799230 compared to https://github.com/miketheman/nginx/blob/b5b74dff8d1d8fdeea70cede9050f5fd601e6fad/attributes/default.rb